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[MT 6315] Cytogen > Unit 3: Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Represents a self-regulated sequence of events that controls cell growth and cell division

A

Cell cycle

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2
Q

goal of cell cycle

A

produce 2 daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to those of the parental cell

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3
Q

2 principal phases of cell cycle

A

interphase & m phase (mitosis)

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4
Q

phospholipid bilayer; hydrophobic head & hydrophobic tail in 2 layers

A

cell membrane

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5
Q

what does the cell membrane contain?

A

cholesterol
cardiolipin
shingomyelin
oligosaccharides
membrane proteins

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6
Q

integral proteins

A

membrane proteins

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7
Q

lipid-anchored proteins & peripheral proteins

A

membrane proteins

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8
Q

several organelles are found in?

A

cytoplasm

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9
Q

organelles are suspended in a fluid-filled region called?

A

cytosol

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10
Q

T/F: The presence and abundance of the different organelles varies between different tissues and different organisms

A

T

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11
Q

Non-membrane bound organelles that are responsible for the synthesis of protein

A

ribosome

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12
Q

building block of a protein

A

amino acid

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13
Q

sequence of a ribosome

A

mRNA → transcription → reading of codons (translation) → synthesis of a specific protein mRNA

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14
Q

ribosome is made up of?

A

small subunit (40S) & large subunit (60S)

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15
Q

contains protein and rRNA which are synthesized
in the nucleolus

A

rubosome

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16
Q

where can ribosomes attach?

A

rough ER
cytoplasm (free floating)
perinuclear membrane

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17
Q

Double membrane-bound organelle

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Appear as folded layers that seems to be connected to the nuclear membrane

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

responsible for protein synthesis because of the ribosomes embedded in this membrane

A

rough ER

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20
Q

double membrane folded in layers is called in such a way because of the absence of the ribosome in its membrane

A

smooth ER

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21
Q

responsible for glucose and lipid synthesis

A

smooth ER

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22
Q

network of smooth membranes consisting of flattened, disc-like cisternae with dilated rims and associated vesicles and tubules

A

golgi body

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23
Q

Where the newly synthesized protein is processed and modified

A

golgi body

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24
Q

Sorts and packs the proteins / products produced by the cell

A

golgi body

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25
Q

T/F: golgi body encloses the products and produces vesicles containing proteins which travel to the extracellular environment via endocytosis

A

F; exocytosis

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26
Q

Provides energy to the cell by producing ATPs in a process called cellular respiration

A

mitochondrion

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27
Q

Contains several enzymes and proteins embedded in its inner membrane called cristae

A

mitochondrion

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28
Q

● A type of plastid which is found in plant cell
● Contains chlorophyll located at the thylakoid membrane
● The thylakoids are stacked together to form granum
(plural grana) suspended in stroma
● Responsible for the process called photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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29
Q

complex structure that contains two barrel shaped centrioles surrounded by amorphous, electron dense pericentriolar material PCM

A

centrosome

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30
Q

A single membrane-bound organelle

In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help sequester waste products

In plant cell, this is a fluid filled structure that is made up mostly of water

A

vacuole

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31
Q

An elaborate interactive network composed of three well defined filamentous structures
○ Microtubules
○ Microfilaments
○ Intermediate filaments

A

cytoskeleton

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32
Q

Provide structural support and internal framework responsible for positioning various organelles within the interior of the cell

Provides movement of materials and organelles in cell

A

cytoskeleton

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33
Q

Found in the interior of the cell where they maintain cell shape by resisting compressive forces

A

microtubules

34
Q

Thicken the cortex around the inner edge of a cell; they resist tension

A

microfilaments

35
Q

Found throughout the cell and hold organelles in place

A

intermediate filaments

36
Q

● Also known as microbodies
● Membrane bound, multifunctional organelles that carry out a diverse metabolic reactions including substrate oxidation leading to formation of hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

37
Q

● The command center of the cell because it commands the cellular activity of the entire cell
● Made up of:
- Nuclear membrane
- Chromosomes
- Nucleolus

A

nucleus

38
Q

● Each of these membranes contains two layers of phospholipids, arranged with their tails pointing inward (forming a phospholipid bilayer)
● It contains nuclear pores for easy transport of materials such as mRNA to the cytoplasm

A

nuclear membrane

39
Q

● Threadlike strands of nuclear DNA with proteins called histones
● These are carrier of genetic materials that occur by pairs (with homologous chromosomes)

A

chromosome

40
Q

T/F: In meiosis, the chromosomes condensed from chromatin to meta-chromosome becoming more visible under the light microscope

A

F

41
Q

● Found inside the nucleus suspended in nucleoplasm
● Is an irregular-shaped nuclear structures that function as ribosome-producing organelle

A

nucleolus

42
Q

nucleolus is more prominent during what stage?

A

interphase

43
Q

● A rigid structure found in plants
● This provides support and protection for the cell it
surrounds

A

cell wall

44
Q

cell wall contains

A

pectin
glycan
cellulose microfibrils

Expands from primary cell wall to middle lamella

45
Q

Monitor and modulate the progression of cells in
response to intracellular or environmental signals

A

checkpoints

46
Q

Internal quality control mechanisms represented by
biochemical pathways that control transition between cell cycle stages

A

checkpoints

47
Q

checkpoints are introduced by?

A

Leland Hartwell and Ted Weinert (1988 )

48
Q

Defined as the failure to arrest the cell cycle before or at mitosis, resulting in aberrant chromosome segregation

A

mitotic catastrophe

49
Q

Caused by malfunction of cell cycle checkpoints and may lead to cell death and tumor cell development

A

mitotic catastrophe

50
Q

T/F: in mitotic catastrophe, malignant cells lose contact inhibition

A

T

51
Q

a normal process where a cell inhibits cellular division once in contact with a cell

A

contact inhibition

52
Q

The Cell Cycle Is Regulated by?

A

protein kinases

53
Q

The key enzymes that control the transitions between the different states of the cell cycle, and the entry of nondividing cells into the cell cycle, are the?

A

cyclin-dependent protein kinases, or CDKs

54
Q

T/F: Endogenous hormones such as auxin, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins and brassinosteroids as well as environmental factors all regulate progression through the cell cycle

A

T

55
Q

T/F: Cell cycle events take place with clock-like precision

A

T

56
Q

A group of highly conserved serine/threonine kinases

A

cyclin-dependent kinases(CDKs)

57
Q

are among the most important core cell cycle regulators

A

cyclins

58
Q

help to promote passage through “ Start” or the restriction point in late G1

A

G1-cyclins

59
Q

bind Cdks at the end of G1 and commit the cell to DNA replication

A

G1/S-cyclins

60
Q

binds Cdks during S phase and are required for the initiation of DNA replication

A

S-cyclins

61
Q

promote the events of mitosis

A

M cyclins

62
Q

are enzymes that phosphorylate proteins using ATP

A

protein kinases

63
Q

T/F: The regulated activity of CDKs is essential for the transitions from G1 to S and from G2 to M, and for the entry of dividing cells into the cell cycle.

A

F; nondividing

64
Q

2 tyrosine phosphorylation sites of cdks

A

one causes activation and one causes inactivation

65
Q

T/F: The transition from G1 to S requires a set of cyclins ( G1 cyclins) different from those required in the transition from G2 to mitosis, where mitotic cyclins activate the CDKs

A

T

66
Q

T/F: Specific kinases carry out both the stimulatory and the inhibitory phosphorylation

A

T

67
Q

can remove phosphate from CDKs, either stimulating or inhibiting their activity, depending on the position of the phosphate

A

protein phosphatases

68
Q

2 CDK important mechanisms

A
  1. cyclin synthesis & destruction
  2. phosphorylation & dephospho of key amino acid residues w/in the CDK protein
69
Q

T/F: CDKs are inactive unless they are associated with a cyclin

A

T

70
Q

are synthesized and then actively degraded (using ATP)
at specific points in the cell cycle

A

cyclins

71
Q

Cyclins are degraded in the ______ by a large proteolytic
complex called the ________.

A

cytosol, proteasome

72
Q

T/F: Before being degraded by the proteasome, the cyclins are marked for destruction by the attachment of a small protein called ubiquitin, a process that requires ATP

A

T

73
Q

It is when the cell prepares itself for cellular division

A

interphase

74
Q

Usually the longest and the most variable phase of the cell cycle, and it begins at the end of M phase

A

G1 phase

75
Q

The cell gathers nutrients and synthesizes RNA and proteins necessary for DNA synthesis and chromosome replication

A

G1 phase

76
Q

G1 phase hrs

A

9-12

77
Q

damage checkpoint

monitors the integrity of newly replicated DNA

A

G1 DNA

78
Q

○ Sensitive to the size of the cell, the state of the cell’s physiologic processes, and its interactions with extracellular matrix
○ Mediated by interactions between pRb and a family of E2F with target promoters
○ In normal cells, proper interaction between pRb and E2F turns off many genes and blocks cell-cycle progression

A

Restriction checkpoint

79
Q

● DNA is replicated
● Chromosome replication is initiated at many different
sites along the chromosomal DNA → replicon
● Checkpoint: S DNA-damage checkpoint

A

S phase

80
Q

S phase hrs

A

7.5 to 10 hrs

[MT 6315] Cytogen (9 decks)

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