Unit 4: China and Iran Flashcards
China
Autonomous region
-provincial-level administrative devision with higher degree of self governance and legislative power, still remain under authority of centeral government
-to give politival and cultural autonomy to ethnic minority groups
China
Centeral Committee
-key politicaql body composed of party leaders of CCP
-elected by National Party Congress
-party’s highest authority
-oversees major policy decisions, implements directives, elects the Politburo and Standing Committee
China
Central Military Commission (CMC)
-highest military authority in China
-oversees People’s Liberation Army
-responsible fro military policy, strategy and command
-chaired by General Secratary of CCP (Xi Jinping), paarty has direct control over military
China
Collective Leadership
-governance principle where major decisions are made through consensus among top leaders of CCP, particulary within the Politburo and Standing Committee
-emphasized in Mao era, shift towazrds more centeralized authority under XI Jinping
China
centrally planned economy
-economic system in which ov’t makes all major decisions regarding production, distribution,, and consumption of goods and services
-system dominant under Mao Zedong
-since 1970s, they have transitioned to more market-based, but gov’t still has significant control over key sectors
China
Collectivism
-the principle of prioritixing the needs of group over individual
-under Mao, it was a core ideology of CCP, promoting commmunal ownership of land and recources through collective and state-owned enterprises
-approach intended to achive social equality at the expense of indiviudal rights and personal economic freedom
China
Communism
-political and economic ideology that advocates for the collective ownership of means of production, absence of social class, and the elimination of private property
-guiding ideology of CCP
-china established as a communist state under Mao
-country has adopted market reforms, but maintains communist principles through one-party rule and state control over sectors
China
cultural revolution (1966-1976)
-socio-politival movement launched by Mao to reassert his control over the CCP
-aimed to eliminate capitalist and traditional (confucian) elements of CHinese society
-mobilized youth groups called “red gaurds” to attack enemies of revolution leading to widespread distruction/social chaos
-effects lasted until Mao’s death
China
confucianism
-based on teachings of Confucius emphasizing moral integity, social harmony, and respect for hierarchy
-meritocracy: advancement based on ability
-challanged during Mao era, resurgance in modern China as a source of cultural identity and social stability
China
Democratic centralism
-governance principle practiced by CCP that allow for open discussion of issues, but once a decion is made all members must support and implement it
-ultimatley, athoriity remains centralized within the top leadership, reinforcing party unity and maintain strict control over policy making
China
Deng Xiopeng
-chinese political leader who played key role in reform and opening up of China afer Mao’s death
-transitioned China to a more market-based economy
-helped modernize economy
China
general secratary
-highest rankikng official in the CCP
-leads Politburo and Standing position
-Xi Jinping
China
Great Firewall
-China’s extensive system of inernet censorship and surveillance
-promotes domestic alternatives, maintains politial stability, and limit access to information
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China
Hu Jintao
-served as Genreal Secratary of CCP and of Centeral Military Commission
-characterized by a more collective leadership style, contrasting with centralized authority of his successor Xi Jinping
China
Guanxi
-system of sociakl networks and political connections in Chinese socitety that influence buisness, politics, and personal relationsgips
-individuals rely on relationships to gain access to resources
China
Han ethnicity
-largest ethnic group in China, making about 92% of the population
-associated with Chinese culture, language, and traditions, national identity
China
Jiang Zemin
-General Secratary of CCP from 1989-2002
-led CHina during period of significant economic reform and modernization
-expanded CCP to not only include workers and peasants but also buisness people aand intellectals
-ntegrated CHina into global economy, notably oberseeing China’s accession to the World Trade Organization
China
the Long March
-strategic retreat by the CCP and the Red Army to evade the Nationalist forces of the KMT
-became symbol of communist resilience and unity
-played a critical role in solidifying Mao Zedong’s leadership within the CCP
China
Leading small groups
-informal, but influenctial decision-making bodies within the CCP that focuses on spoecific policy issues or areas
-composed of top CCP leaders
-not officially part of givernment, but play key role in shaping policy and making sure policies are implemented
China
Mao Zedong
-founder of People’s republic of China and leader of the Chinese Communist party
-marked by the Great Leap Forward, aimed to rapidlyy industrilize China but led to widespread
China
Migration patterns in China
-refer to the movement of poeople within the country, driven by economic opportunities, urbanization, and government policies
-rural to urban migration hwhich feuled rapud urbanization
-influenced by governemnt policies
-geconomic growth in costal areas also attracted workers
China
National Party Congress
-highest governing body of Chinese Communist Party
-convene every five years, symbolic and ceremonial events (key decisions made in advance by top leaders)
-elects central committee
-erves to protect party unity and reinforce leadership authority
China
National People’s Congress
-China’s antional legislature and highest state body, composed of delegates elected from provincial congresses, the military, and other groups
-approves decisions made by CCP
-meets anually for two weeks
-seen as a rubber-stamp body rather than an independent legislative authority
China
Nomenklatura
-CCP’s system to control appointments to key positions in government, military, economy, and other sectors
-maintains political oversight by selecting and promoting loyal and qualified officials
