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AP Euro > Unit 4—Chapters 15, 16, & 17 > Flashcards

Unit 4—Chapters 15, 16, & 17 Flashcards

1
Q

The “Old Regime”

A 
The social and economic relationships in France prior to the French revolution in 1789
Absolute monarchies throughout Europe
Aristocratically led armies
Scarcity of food
Unsophisticated production
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2
Q

Aristocracy of the Old Regime

A

1-5% of the population
Had the widest degree of power
Most countries had a separate house for nobility in their parliaments, diets, estates, etc.
manual labor was seen as beneath a noble

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3
Q

French Nobility

A

Nobles “of the Sword” who gained their power through military service
Nobles “of the Robe” who gained their power through service to bureaucracy or from purchasing the title
Also divided between those who had influence in the Royal Court in Versailles and those who didn’t
Hobereaux were nobility who were hardly any better off than the peasantry.
Hereditary privileges made nobility exempt from paying most taxes: taille and corvées. Were supposed to pay vingtiéme, but rarely did

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4
Q

Stages of European contact with rest of the world since renaissance

A
  1. Discovery, exploration, conquest
  2. Merchantalism
  3. Imperialism
  4. Decolonization
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5
Q

Factors that allowed European nations to dominate the rest of the world

A

Technological advancement
Naval power
Guns

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6
Q

Fundamental institution present during first two periods of European imperialism in New world

A

Transatlantic slave trade

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7
Q

Main rivals during the era of colonization

A

France, Spain, England

Netherlands a little bit

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8
Q

Description of Merchantilism

A

Economic theory they prosperity of a nation is based on amount of capitol wealth
Increasing wealth by decreasing other country’s wealth

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9
Q

Purpose of colonies and home country in Merchantilism

A

Protection and administration from mother country

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10
Q

Peninsulares

A

Spanish who were born in Spain but live I the new world

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11
Q

Purpose of Spanish empire

A

To bring precious metals to home country of Spain

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12
Q

Creole

A

Spanish colonists who were born in the colonies

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13
Q

Two areas of conflict during mid eighteenth century

A

Oversees territories

Central and eastern Europe

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14
Q

War of Jenkins’ Ear

A 
1739-1748
Spain and Britain
Spain allowed Britain to trade 500 tons of goods
Britain went way over that
Robert Jenkins got ear cut off
Used it for propaganda
Opened up other colonial conflicts
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15
Q

The war of Austrian Succession

A

1740-1748
Maria Theresa gives nobility more power (decentralizing Austria) to win their support
Frederick the Great takes Silesia from Austria which hurts the Pragmatic Sanction
Austria and Britain vs. Prussia and France

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16
Q

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

A

AKA Stately Quadrille
Britain + Prussia vs.
France + Austria

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17
Q

Seven Year’s War victors

A

1756-1763
Britain biggest victor overall
Prussia was largest winner on continent

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18
Q

Stamp Act

A

Made to collect revenue to pay for Seven Year’s War

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19
Q

Intolerable Acts

A

AKA Coercive Acts
Closed Boston port
Quartered British troops in private American homes

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20
Q

“Common Sense”

A

Thomas Paine
United American rebels together
USA might not have been able to secede from UK were this not written

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21
Q

American Revolution on slavery and rights

A

Didn’t end slavery
Not complete equal rights
No women rights
Introduced new form of social class system never seen before

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22
Q

Reason rot American resentment to pay taxes to Britain

A

“No taxation without representation”

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23
Q

Ideas and events that American ideals were based on

A

Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
John Locke’s natural rights
Montesquieu balance of power
Commonwealthmen’s Cato’s Letters: Repblicanism

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24
Q

Two most important influences on the Enlightenment

A

Isaac Newton

John Locke

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25
Why Britain was different for the Enlightenment
``` Social mobility Religious toleration Limited monarchy Free trade More freedoms than other countries Splendid isolation ```
26
Britain's influence on the Enlightenment
More free trade than other countries
27
Public opinion
Print Culture. Increasing literacy to have more public opinion
28
Print culture
Time of more written material
29
Voltaire on Britain
Letters on the English | Rebukes French government in favor of the English
30
Voltaire's literary works
Candide: "Optimism". Attacked unwarranted optimism of people, especially after huge necking earthquake in Portugal Elements of the Philosophy of Isaac Newton
31
Philisophes criticism of Christian Chruch
Inhibited people's progression. Original sin was inhibiting Church focused on the afterlife rather than the here and now Blamed church for all major conflicts Religious inconsistencies
32
Major points of the Deist Creed
Deist: Idea that you could understand religion through nature God exists There is a life after this one
33
Ethics
Baruch Spinoza? Says Jews should adopt European culture Considered a martyr
34
Pascal's view of Islam
Thought it was a worldly religion | Too much sexuality
35
The Encyclopedia
Diderot & d'Alembert 100s of philosopher's works Secularized learning Speaded rational philosophy to the continent
36
On Crimes and Punishment
Marquis Cesare Beccaria Wanted to reform justice system Rational laws and punishments that would deter crime Utilitarianism
37
Adam Smith
Opposed mercantilism | Prevented trading competition
38
The Wealth of Nations
Views on mercantilism | Free marketing
39
Role of government according to Adam Smith
1776 Protect land Open oversees markets They should not interfere with economy
40
Adam Smith's four stage theory
``` From barbarism to civilization 1. Hunt and gather 2. Herding and nomad 3. Agriculture 4. Commercialism Wanted to force this onto all countries ```
41
Laissez-faire economics
Encouraged selfishness which would have to lead to competition which leads to innovation Government should stay out of economy
42
Physiocrats
French Economic reformers Free trade Against mercantilism, monopolies, and trade guilds
43
Injustices as grounds for criticism of Imperialism and Enlightenment thinkers
Slavery Treatment of Native American Indians Conquest of America
44
Views of Herder
Cultural Relativism | European standards don't fit every socity
45
Montesquieu
Spirit of the Law Separation of power Favored limited monarchy
46
Philisophes views on women
Had limited place in society | Not feminists by any means
47
Neoclassical art
French revolution Bringing back ancient and Renaissance art Playful Emotional
48
Rococo art
``` Aristocracy of France Pastels Light-hearted Louis XV Imperial hall in Bavaria ```
49
Frederick the Great and the Enlightenment
``` First Servant to the State Embodiment of Enlightened absolutism Sought approval of Junker nobility, intellectuals, military, and church Promotion through merit Standardizing laws Religious toleration Reduced tariffs Agricultural reforms ```
50
Catherine the Great
Would gain loyalty of subjects Russia was isolated and needed reform Reduced internal tariffs
51
Absolute monarchs and the Enlightenment
Fredrick the Great Catherine the Great Maria Theresa Joseph II
52
Joseph II reforms
Targeted serfs/peasants for approval
53
Catherine the Great of Russia and the nobility
Charter of Nobility | Gave them power for their layalty to her
54
Catherine the Great territorial asperations
Captured Crimea peninsula in Black Sea
55
Gotthold Lessing
German Wrote Nathan the Wise Interfaith religious toleration
56
American Revolution years
1765-1783 | Revolutionary war: 1775-1783
57
Economic Basis of 18th c. life
Over 3/4 population lived in the country Landowners controlled local government Pugachev's Rebellion 1773-1775
58
English game laws
Landowners had exclusive hunting rights | 1671-1801 Nobility thought people would hunt instead of work if they could
59
18th c. children
Neolocalism They would work until teens then move away to be a servant Would start own household when older
60
Dutch Agriculture
Polders: reclaimed land from the sea | Manure fertilization

AP Euro (5 decks)

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