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AP Euro > Unit 2—Chapters 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Unit 2—Chapters 11 & 12 Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Birthplace of the Reformation

A

Free, Imperial cities in Germany(HRE) and Switzerland in the 16th century.

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2
Q

What groups were allies to the reformists?

A
  • Laity
  • Common people
  • Humanists
  • Guilds (Especially printers’)
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3
Q

What factors contributed to the lay criticism of the Catholic church?

A
  • The Great Schism
  • Babylonian Captivity
  • The Councilliar period
  • Renaissance church
  • The sale of indulgences
  • Increased knowledge
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4
Q

Common goal of 13th-15th century lay religious movements

A

Being more like Jesus.

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5
Q

Ideology of the Brothers of the Common Life

A

They wanted to be more spiritual in all of their doings, just just during church.
Clerics and lay shared a common life.
Only bothering with practical religion.

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6
Q

Imitation of the Christ

A

A summary of Desidrius Erasmus’ “Philosophy of Christ”.

By Thomas Kempis

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7
Q

Martin Luther

A

Alive from 1483-1546.
He was going to the University of Erfort when he almost died in a storm. He saw this as a message from God telling him to become a monk, so he did.
He was the major starter of the Protestant Reformation.

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8
Q

Salvation according to the Medieval church

A

Works + Grace = Salvation
Works included: going to confession, entering monasteries, paying tithes, being baptized, getting married, performing pilgrimages, and paying indulgences.

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9
Q

Facts about the doctrine, practice, and selling of Indulgences

A

Indulgences started with crusaders, so they would be OK if they died in battle.
1343 “Treasury of Merit”: Bottomless pit of perfection. Left over good works from previous, “perfect” popes and clergy.
1517 “Jubilee Indulgence”: by Pope Leo X for finishing the Saint Peter’s Basilica.
Johann Tetzel was Indulgence businessman
“When a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory rings.”

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10
Q

95 Theses

A

1517 October 31
Was posted in Latin for Humanists to discuss
Salvation cannot be bought or sold

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11
Q

Literary works by Martin Luther & their messages

A
  • 95 theses: 95 flaws in the Catholic Church
  • Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation: uses German princes to seek reform
  • Babylonian Captivity: Attacks 7 sacraments; says only Eucharist (bread and wine) and baptism
  • Freedom of a Christian: Justification by faith alone
  • Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes if Peasants: tells people to kill the peasants who were doing bad stuff in his name
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12
Q

Diet of Worms

A

April 1521
John Eck against Martin Luther
Luther didn’t recant his words, effectively choosing death
Riot forming outside changing Luther’s name, so they couldn’t kill him

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13
Q

Martin Luther’s views on how salvation was achieved

A

Justification by faith alone

Belief —> works —> grace —> salvation

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14
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

1555
Each region of the HRE was officially the religion (Catholic or Lutheran) of the ruling prince
“Whose region, his religion.”

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15
Q

Reaction to the German peasant revolt

A

1524-1525
Luther had protestant princess kill the peasants who were acting badly in his name
70-100k killed

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16
Q

Diet of Augsburg

A

1530
Conducted by Charles V
All princes of HRE called to Augsburg and told they had to become Catholic

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17
Q

Schmalkaldic League

A

1531
League of protestant regions in HRE against the emperor
Was formed in response to the Diet of Augsburg

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18
Q

Leader of the Reformation in Zurich

A

Ulich Zwingly

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19
Q

Contention between Zwingly and Luther

A

Luther believed in Transubstantiation

Zwingly did not

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20
Q

Anabaptists

A

Against infant baptism

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21
Q

John Calvin

A 
French
Moved to Switzerland for religious toleration 
Institutes of a Christian Religion 
Wanted theocracy in Geneva 
Believed in predestination
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22
Q

Lutheranism in Denmark

A

By Christian II

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23
Q

Religious significance of Magdeburg during 16th century

A

Refuge for protestants

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24
Q

Henry VIII

A

Tudor, Catholic
“Defender of the Faith”
Forms Anglican Church(church of England) so he can divorce his wife

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25
Q

King’s “Great Matter”

A

1572 Henry VIII

Mission to divorce/nullify mariage with Catherine

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26
Q

Reformation Parliament

A

1529-1536
Royal authority over religious matter
Dissolution of the Monasteries

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27
Q

Act of Succession

A

1524
Illegitimized Catherine’s children
Legitimized Anne Boleyn’s

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28
Q

Act of Uniformity

A

1535

Mandated use of the Book of the Common Prayer

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29
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

1534

Henry is the head of the Church of England

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30
Q

Wives of Henry VIII

A 
Catherine of Aragon 
Anne Boleyn 
Jane Seymore 
Anne of Cleaves 
Catherine Howard 
Catherine Parr
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31
Q

Tudor Monarchs

A 
Henry VII
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Jane Grey (sort of)
Mary I
Elizabeth I
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32
Q

Six Articles

A

“Whip with six stings”

  1. Transubstantiation
  2. No Eucharist for laity
  3. Vows of selebacy(abstinence)
  4. Private masses
  5. Confession
  6. Chastity laws enforced my God
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33
Q

Early reformation movements from within the Catholic Church

A 
Somashi 1520s
Theatines 1524
Barnabites 1530
Ursulines 1535
Oratorians 1575
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34
Q

Jesuits

A

1530
“Society of Jesus”
Ignatius of Loyola
Extreme discipline

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35
Q

Ignatius of Loyola

A

Founded the Jesuits

36
Q

Council of Trent

A 
1545-1563
Lasted for 4 popes
Focus on internal church discipline 
Better education for clergy 
No doctrinal changes 
Fairly successful
37
Q

Protestants and the views on mariage

A

Protestants more likely to allow divorce

38
Q

Contributing factors of Wet Nursing

A

Condemned by Catholic Church
Increased child mortality rate
Popular in upper class

39
Q

Miguel de Cervantes

A

Write Don Quixote
Had little education
Was a slave at one point in his life

40
Q

William Shakespeare

A

Part of the Kings Men
Queen Elizabeth’s era
Politically moderate

41
Q

Baroque ans Plain architectural styles

A

Baroque: Catholic. For getting People to come to church (because it looked awesome). Made by Peter Paul Ruben
Plain: Protestant. So people would pay attention to the actual teachings

42
Q

Politiques

A

Puts political stability over religious unity.
Examples: Elizabeth I, William of Orange, Henry IV
Non exemples: Mary I, Philip II, Oliver Cromwell

43
Q

Competing families in France after death of Henry II

A

Guise
Montmorency
Borbon

44
Q

Characteristics and facts about French Protestants

A

“Huguenots”
1/15th of the population
2/5th of the aristocracy
many discontented townspeople

45
Q

Event that started the French Wars of Religion

A

1562 Massacre at Vassy

January Edict

46
Q

Effects of the Peace of Saint Germain-en-laye

A

Gave more power to protestant nobility.
Right for protestants to fortify cities
Borbon family gains power

47
Q

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A

1572 August 24
3,000 killed on the first day alone
20,000 killed in the following weeks
Support from Catherine de Medici, the Pope, and the Guise supported it.
Caused a lot of attention and wtf in protestants around Europe

48
Q

Henry IV of France

A

Also, previously, known as Henry Navarre
First protestant king of France
“Paris is worth a mass”
“A chicken in every pot”

49
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

1548
Ended French wars of religion
Catholicism is official religion in France
Resulted in Huguenot states forming in France

50
Q

Key players in the French Religious Wars

A 
Henry of Guise
Henry III
Henry Navarre
Francis of Guise
Catherine de Medici
51
Q

Climax of Spanish and English Hostilities

A

1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada

52
Q

Characteristics of Philip II

A 
Son of Charles V
Not a politique
1558 King of Spain
Catholic
Pillars: Wealth, Military, Bureaucracy, and Population
53
Q

Conditions of the Spanish economy in 16th to 17th century

A

Big difference between wealthy and not
General lack of supply
Heavy inflation occured

54
Q

The Compromise

A

Catholics and Protestants in Netherlands

55
Q

Philip II’s foreign policy and action during first half of reign

A

In Mediterranean against Turks

Battle of Lepanto 1571

56
Q

Perpetual Edict of 1577

A

Remove Spanish forces from Netherlands in 20 days

57
Q

Major area of resistance that prevented Spanish world empire

A

Netherlands

58
Q

Successors of Edward VI of England

A

Lady Jane Grey
Mary
Elizabeth

59
Q

Mary I and her reign

A

“Bloody Mary”

Killed 287 Protestant leaders immediately after gaining office

60
Q

Religious extremists who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I

A

Jesuits
Spain
Mary Queen of Scots
Puritans: Presbyterians and Congregatinoalists

61
Q

Elizabeth settlement

A

Passes Thirty-Nine Articles

Protestants keep their teachings, while Catholics keep their rituals and style

62
Q

Thirty-Nine Articles

A

Protestantism is the official religion of England

63
Q

Puritans, Presbyterians and Congregationalists

A

Extremists against Elizabeth

Protestant religions based on Puritanism

64
Q

Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England

A

1568 Duke of Alba takes troops in
1570 Elizabeth is excommunicated
1572 Spanish pirating. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
1587 Mary Queen of Scots executed

65
Q

Reasons for Pope Sixtus V’s support for Spain against England

A

Spain was Catholic, while England was protestant

Execution of Mary Queen of Scots

66
Q

Significance of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada

A

Marked the beginning of the decline of Spanish power

France became the great European super power

67
Q

Preconditions of the Thirty Years’ War

A

Fragmented/Feudal Germany/HRE
Religious Division
Calvinism trying to establish itself in Palatine

68
Q

Significance of Bavaria during the Thirty Years’ War

A

Center of Catholic Power

69
Q

“Ecclesiastical Reservation”

A

Froze protestant territorial lands after 1555

70
Q

Importance of Germany to Europe’s merchants and traders

A

Europe’s highway
Relative geography
Northern plain

71
Q

Significance of Heidelberg during the mid 16th centrury

A

“German Geneva”

Center of Calvinism

72
Q

Defensive alliance of Palatine Calvinists

A

England
France
Netherlands

73
Q

Religious Population of HRE in 17th century

A

About half and half Protestant to Catholic
a few more protestant, but not by a lot
Lutheran in the North
Catholic in the South

74
Q

Place of outbreak of Thirty Years’ War

A

Bohemia

75
Q

Reasons for beginning Thirty-Years’ War

A

Defenestration of Prague

Ferdinand stamped out Protestantism

76
Q

Defenestration of Prague

A

Protestants threw three political officials out of the window of the palace.

77
Q

Actions of Ferdinand, king of Bavaria

A

Revoked rights of Bohemian Protestants

78
Q

Stages of the Thirty Years’ War

A

Bohemian
Danish
Swedish
Swedish-French

79
Q

Edict of Restitution

A

1629
Made Calvinism Illegal
During Danish stage of war

80
Q

Battle of Breitenfeld

A

1630
Turning point of war
Swedish won under Gustavus Adolphus II

81
Q

Peace of Prague

A

1635
Peace of Augsburg for Calvinists
Regions in HRE could be Calvinist if that’s the religion of the ruling prince

82
Q

Depopulation of Germany because of Thirty Years’ War

A

One third of the population died

Worst catastrophe in Europe since Black Death

83
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

1648
Legalizes Calvinism
Switzerland becomes independent
Netherlands is officially recognized as being independent by other European countries
Austria and Prussia become the most powerful regions of the HRE

84
Q

Major Events Associated with Tudor Monarchs

A

1455-1485 War of Roses: Henry VII
1534 Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII
1549 Act of Uniformity/Book of Common Prayer: Edward VI
1553 Marian Persecutions: Mary I
1558 Calais is lost: Mary I
1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada: Elizabeth I

85
Q

Thirty Years’ War time period

A

1618-1648

86
Q

Pacification of Ghent

A

1576

87
Q

End of Tudor Monarchy

A

1503

AP Euro (5 decks)

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