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AP Euro > Unit 2—Chapters 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Unit 2—Chapters 11 & 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Birthplace of the Reformation

A

Free, Imperial cities in Germany(HRE) and Switzerland in the 16th century.

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2
Q

What groups were allies to the reformists?

A
  • Laity
  • Common people
  • Humanists
  • Guilds (Especially printers’)
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3
Q

What factors contributed to the lay criticism of the Catholic church?

A
  • The Great Schism
  • Babylonian Captivity
  • The Councilliar period
  • Renaissance church
  • The sale of indulgences
  • Increased knowledge
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4
Q

Common goal of 13th-15th century lay religious movements

A

Being more like Jesus.

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5
Q

Ideology of the Brothers of the Common Life

A

They wanted to be more spiritual in all of their doings, just just during church.
Clerics and lay shared a common life.
Only bothering with practical religion.

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6
Q

Imitation of the Christ

A

A summary of Desidrius Erasmus’ “Philosophy of Christ”.

By Thomas Kempis

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7
Q

Martin Luther

A

Alive from 1483-1546.
He was going to the University of Erfort when he almost died in a storm. He saw this as a message from God telling him to become a monk, so he did.
He was the major starter of the Protestant Reformation.

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8
Q

Salvation according to the Medieval church

A

Works + Grace = Salvation
Works included: going to confession, entering monasteries, paying tithes, being baptized, getting married, performing pilgrimages, and paying indulgences.

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9
Q

Facts about the doctrine, practice, and selling of Indulgences

A

Indulgences started with crusaders, so they would be OK if they died in battle.
1343 “Treasury of Merit”: Bottomless pit of perfection. Left over good works from previous, “perfect” popes and clergy.
1517 “Jubilee Indulgence”: by Pope Leo X for finishing the Saint Peter’s Basilica.
Johann Tetzel was Indulgence businessman
“When a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory rings.”

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10
Q

95 Theses

A

1517 October 31
Was posted in Latin for Humanists to discuss
Salvation cannot be bought or sold

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11
Q

Literary works by Martin Luther & their messages

A
  • 95 theses: 95 flaws in the Catholic Church
  • Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation: uses German princes to seek reform
  • Babylonian Captivity: Attacks 7 sacraments; says only Eucharist (bread and wine) and baptism
  • Freedom of a Christian: Justification by faith alone
  • Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes if Peasants: tells people to kill the peasants who were doing bad stuff in his name
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12
Q

Diet of Worms

A

April 1521
John Eck against Martin Luther
Luther didn’t recant his words, effectively choosing death
Riot forming outside changing Luther’s name, so they couldn’t kill him

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13
Q

Martin Luther’s views on how salvation was achieved

A

Justification by faith alone

Belief —> works —> grace —> salvation

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14
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

1555
Each region of the HRE was officially the religion (Catholic or Lutheran) of the ruling prince
“Whose region, his religion.”

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15
Q

Reaction to the German peasant revolt

A

1524-1525
Luther had protestant princess kill the peasants who were acting badly in his name
70-100k killed

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16
Q

Diet of Augsburg

A

1530
Conducted by Charles V
All princes of HRE called to Augsburg and told they had to become Catholic

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17
Q

Schmalkaldic League

A

1531
League of protestant regions in HRE against the emperor
Was formed in response to the Diet of Augsburg

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18
Q

Leader of the Reformation in Zurich

A

Ulich Zwingly

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19
Q

Contention between Zwingly and Luther

A

Luther believed in Transubstantiation

Zwingly did not

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20
Q

Anabaptists

A

Against infant baptism

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21
Q

John Calvin

A 
French
Moved to Switzerland for religious toleration 
Institutes of a Christian Religion 
Wanted theocracy in Geneva 
Believed in predestination
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22
Q

Lutheranism in Denmark

A

By Christian II

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23
Q

Religious significance of Magdeburg during 16th century

A

Refuge for protestants

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24
Q

Henry VIII

A

Tudor, Catholic
“Defender of the Faith”
Forms Anglican Church(church of England) so he can divorce his wife

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25
King's "Great Matter"
1572 Henry VIII | Mission to divorce/nullify mariage with Catherine
26
Reformation Parliament
1529-1536 Royal authority over religious matter Dissolution of the Monasteries
27
Act of Succession
1524 Illegitimized Catherine's children Legitimized Anne Boleyn's
28
Act of Uniformity
1535 | Mandated use of the Book of the Common Prayer
29
Act of Supremacy
1534 | Henry is the head of the Church of England
30
Wives of Henry VIII
``` Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymore Anne of Cleaves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr ```
31
Tudor Monarchs
``` Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Grey (sort of) Mary I Elizabeth I ```
32
Six Articles
"Whip with six stings" 1. Transubstantiation 2. No Eucharist for laity 3. Vows of selebacy(abstinence) 4. Private masses 5. Confession 6. Chastity laws enforced my God
33
Early reformation movements from within the Catholic Church
``` Somashi 1520s Theatines 1524 Barnabites 1530 Ursulines 1535 Oratorians 1575 ```
34
Jesuits
1530 "Society of Jesus" Ignatius of Loyola Extreme discipline
35
Ignatius of Loyola
Founded the Jesuits
36
Council of Trent
``` 1545-1563 Lasted for 4 popes Focus on internal church discipline Better education for clergy No doctrinal changes Fairly successful ```
37
Protestants and the views on mariage
Protestants more likely to allow divorce
38
Contributing factors of Wet Nursing
Condemned by Catholic Church Increased child mortality rate Popular in upper class
39
Miguel de Cervantes
Write Don Quixote Had little education Was a slave at one point in his life
40
William Shakespeare
Part of the Kings Men Queen Elizabeth's era Politically moderate
41
Baroque ans Plain architectural styles
Baroque: Catholic. For getting People to come to church (because it looked awesome). Made by Peter Paul Ruben Plain: Protestant. So people would pay attention to the actual teachings
42
Politiques
Puts political stability over religious unity. Examples: Elizabeth I, William of Orange, Henry IV Non exemples: Mary I, Philip II, Oliver Cromwell
43
Competing families in France after death of Henry II
Guise Montmorency Borbon
44
Characteristics and facts about French Protestants
"Huguenots" 1/15th of the population 2/5th of the aristocracy many discontented townspeople
45
Event that started the French Wars of Religion
1562 Massacre at Vassy | January Edict
46
Effects of the Peace of Saint Germain-en-laye
Gave more power to protestant nobility. Right for protestants to fortify cities Borbon family gains power
47
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
1572 August 24 3,000 killed on the first day alone 20,000 killed in the following weeks Support from Catherine de Medici, the Pope, and the Guise supported it. Caused a lot of attention and wtf in protestants around Europe
48
Henry IV of France
Also, previously, known as Henry Navarre First protestant king of France "Paris is worth a mass" "A chicken in every pot"
49
Edict of Nantes
1548 Ended French wars of religion Catholicism is official religion in France Resulted in Huguenot states forming in France
50
Key players in the French Religious Wars
``` Henry of Guise Henry III Henry Navarre Francis of Guise Catherine de Medici ```
51
Climax of Spanish and English Hostilities
1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada
52
Characteristics of Philip II
``` Son of Charles V Not a politique 1558 King of Spain Catholic Pillars: Wealth, Military, Bureaucracy, and Population ```
53
Conditions of the Spanish economy in 16th to 17th century
Big difference between wealthy and not General lack of supply Heavy inflation occured
54
The Compromise
Catholics and Protestants in Netherlands
55
Philip II's foreign policy and action during first half of reign
In Mediterranean against Turks | Battle of Lepanto 1571
56
Perpetual Edict of 1577
Remove Spanish forces from Netherlands in 20 days
57
Major area of resistance that prevented Spanish world empire
Netherlands
58
Successors of Edward VI of England
Lady Jane Grey Mary Elizabeth
59
Mary I and her reign
"Bloody Mary" | Killed 287 Protestant leaders immediately after gaining office
60
Religious extremists who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I
Jesuits Spain Mary Queen of Scots Puritans: Presbyterians and Congregatinoalists
61
Elizabeth settlement
Passes Thirty-Nine Articles | Protestants keep their teachings, while Catholics keep their rituals and style
62
Thirty-Nine Articles
Protestantism is the official religion of England
63
Puritans, Presbyterians and Congregationalists
Extremists against Elizabeth | Protestant religions based on Puritanism
64
Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England
1568 Duke of Alba takes troops in 1570 Elizabeth is excommunicated 1572 Spanish pirating. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre 1587 Mary Queen of Scots executed
65
Reasons for Pope Sixtus V's support for Spain against England
Spain was Catholic, while England was protestant | Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
66
Significance of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Marked the beginning of the decline of Spanish power | France became the great European super power
67
Preconditions of the Thirty Years' War
Fragmented/Feudal Germany/HRE Religious Division Calvinism trying to establish itself in Palatine
68
Significance of Bavaria during the Thirty Years' War
Center of Catholic Power
69
"Ecclesiastical Reservation"
Froze protestant territorial lands after 1555
70
Importance of Germany to Europe's merchants and traders
Europe's highway Relative geography Northern plain
71
Significance of Heidelberg during the mid 16th centrury
"German Geneva" | Center of Calvinism
72
Defensive alliance of Palatine Calvinists
England France Netherlands
73
Religious Population of HRE in 17th century
About half and half Protestant to Catholic a few more protestant, but not by a lot Lutheran in the North Catholic in the South
74
Place of outbreak of Thirty Years' War
Bohemia
75
Reasons for beginning Thirty-Years' War
Defenestration of Prague | Ferdinand stamped out Protestantism
76
Defenestration of Prague
Protestants threw three political officials out of the window of the palace.
77
Actions of Ferdinand, king of Bavaria
Revoked rights of Bohemian Protestants
78
Stages of the Thirty Years' War
Bohemian Danish Swedish Swedish-French
79
Edict of Restitution
1629 Made Calvinism Illegal During Danish stage of war
80
Battle of Breitenfeld
1630 Turning point of war Swedish won under Gustavus Adolphus II
81
Peace of Prague
1635 Peace of Augsburg for Calvinists Regions in HRE could be Calvinist if that's the religion of the ruling prince
82
Depopulation of Germany because of Thirty Years' War
One third of the population died | Worst catastrophe in Europe since Black Death
83
Treaty of Westphalia
1648 Legalizes Calvinism Switzerland becomes independent Netherlands is officially recognized as being independent by other European countries Austria and Prussia become the most powerful regions of the HRE
84
Major Events Associated with Tudor Monarchs
1455-1485 War of Roses: Henry VII 1534 Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII 1549 Act of Uniformity/Book of Common Prayer: Edward VI 1553 Marian Persecutions: Mary I 1558 Calais is lost: Mary I 1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada: Elizabeth I
85
Thirty Years' War time period
1618-1648
86
Pacification of Ghent
1576
87
End of Tudor Monarchy
1503

AP Euro (5 decks)

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