Unit 2—Chapters 11 & 12 Flashcards
Birthplace of the Reformation
Free, Imperial cities in Germany(HRE) and Switzerland in the 16th century.
What groups were allies to the reformists?
- Laity
- Common people
- Humanists
- Guilds (Especially printers’)
What factors contributed to the lay criticism of the Catholic church?
- The Great Schism
- Babylonian Captivity
- The Councilliar period
- Renaissance church
- The sale of indulgences
- Increased knowledge
Common goal of 13th-15th century lay religious movements
Being more like Jesus.
Ideology of the Brothers of the Common Life
They wanted to be more spiritual in all of their doings, just just during church.
Clerics and lay shared a common life.
Only bothering with practical religion.
Imitation of the Christ
A summary of Desidrius Erasmus’ “Philosophy of Christ”.
By Thomas Kempis
Martin Luther
Alive from 1483-1546.
He was going to the University of Erfort when he almost died in a storm. He saw this as a message from God telling him to become a monk, so he did.
He was the major starter of the Protestant Reformation.
Salvation according to the Medieval church
Works + Grace = Salvation
Works included: going to confession, entering monasteries, paying tithes, being baptized, getting married, performing pilgrimages, and paying indulgences.
Facts about the doctrine, practice, and selling of Indulgences
Indulgences started with crusaders, so they would be OK if they died in battle.
1343 “Treasury of Merit”: Bottomless pit of perfection. Left over good works from previous, “perfect” popes and clergy.
1517 “Jubilee Indulgence”: by Pope Leo X for finishing the Saint Peter’s Basilica.
Johann Tetzel was Indulgence businessman
“When a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory rings.”
95 Theses
1517 October 31
Was posted in Latin for Humanists to discuss
Salvation cannot be bought or sold
Literary works by Martin Luther & their messages
- 95 theses: 95 flaws in the Catholic Church
- Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation: uses German princes to seek reform
- Babylonian Captivity: Attacks 7 sacraments; says only Eucharist (bread and wine) and baptism
- Freedom of a Christian: Justification by faith alone
- Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes if Peasants: tells people to kill the peasants who were doing bad stuff in his name
Diet of Worms
April 1521
John Eck against Martin Luther
Luther didn’t recant his words, effectively choosing death
Riot forming outside changing Luther’s name, so they couldn’t kill him
Martin Luther’s views on how salvation was achieved
Justification by faith alone
Belief —> works —> grace —> salvation
Peace of Augsburg
1555
Each region of the HRE was officially the religion (Catholic or Lutheran) of the ruling prince
“Whose region, his religion.”
Reaction to the German peasant revolt
1524-1525
Luther had protestant princess kill the peasants who were acting badly in his name
70-100k killed
Diet of Augsburg
1530
Conducted by Charles V
All princes of HRE called to Augsburg and told they had to become Catholic
Schmalkaldic League
1531
League of protestant regions in HRE against the emperor
Was formed in response to the Diet of Augsburg
Leader of the Reformation in Zurich
Ulich Zwingly
Contention between Zwingly and Luther
Luther believed in Transubstantiation
Zwingly did not
Anabaptists
Against infant baptism
John Calvin
French Moved to Switzerland for religious toleration Institutes of a Christian Religion Wanted theocracy in Geneva Believed in predestination
Lutheranism in Denmark
By Christian II
Religious significance of Magdeburg during 16th century
Refuge for protestants
Henry VIII
Tudor, Catholic
“Defender of the Faith”
Forms Anglican Church(church of England) so he can divorce his wife
King’s “Great Matter”
1572 Henry VIII
Mission to divorce/nullify mariage with Catherine
Reformation Parliament
1529-1536
Royal authority over religious matter
Dissolution of the Monasteries
Act of Succession
1524
Illegitimized Catherine’s children
Legitimized Anne Boleyn’s
Act of Uniformity
1535
Mandated use of the Book of the Common Prayer
Act of Supremacy
1534
Henry is the head of the Church of England
Wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymore Anne of Cleaves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr
Tudor Monarchs
Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Grey (sort of) Mary I Elizabeth I
Six Articles
“Whip with six stings”
- Transubstantiation
- No Eucharist for laity
- Vows of selebacy(abstinence)
- Private masses
- Confession
- Chastity laws enforced my God
Early reformation movements from within the Catholic Church
Somashi 1520s Theatines 1524 Barnabites 1530 Ursulines 1535 Oratorians 1575
Jesuits
1530
“Society of Jesus”
Ignatius of Loyola
Extreme discipline
Ignatius of Loyola
Founded the Jesuits
Council of Trent
1545-1563 Lasted for 4 popes Focus on internal church discipline Better education for clergy No doctrinal changes Fairly successful
Protestants and the views on mariage
Protestants more likely to allow divorce
Contributing factors of Wet Nursing
Condemned by Catholic Church
Increased child mortality rate
Popular in upper class
Miguel de Cervantes
Write Don Quixote
Had little education
Was a slave at one point in his life
William Shakespeare
Part of the Kings Men
Queen Elizabeth’s era
Politically moderate
Baroque ans Plain architectural styles
Baroque: Catholic. For getting People to come to church (because it looked awesome). Made by Peter Paul Ruben
Plain: Protestant. So people would pay attention to the actual teachings
Politiques
Puts political stability over religious unity.
Examples: Elizabeth I, William of Orange, Henry IV
Non exemples: Mary I, Philip II, Oliver Cromwell
Competing families in France after death of Henry II
Guise
Montmorency
Borbon
Characteristics and facts about French Protestants
“Huguenots”
1/15th of the population
2/5th of the aristocracy
many discontented townspeople
Event that started the French Wars of Religion
1562 Massacre at Vassy
January Edict
Effects of the Peace of Saint Germain-en-laye
Gave more power to protestant nobility.
Right for protestants to fortify cities
Borbon family gains power
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
1572 August 24
3,000 killed on the first day alone
20,000 killed in the following weeks
Support from Catherine de Medici, the Pope, and the Guise supported it.
Caused a lot of attention and wtf in protestants around Europe
Henry IV of France
Also, previously, known as Henry Navarre
First protestant king of France
“Paris is worth a mass”
“A chicken in every pot”
Edict of Nantes
1548
Ended French wars of religion
Catholicism is official religion in France
Resulted in Huguenot states forming in France
Key players in the French Religious Wars
Henry of Guise Henry III Henry Navarre Francis of Guise Catherine de Medici
Climax of Spanish and English Hostilities
1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada
Characteristics of Philip II
Son of Charles V Not a politique 1558 King of Spain Catholic Pillars: Wealth, Military, Bureaucracy, and Population
Conditions of the Spanish economy in 16th to 17th century
Big difference between wealthy and not
General lack of supply
Heavy inflation occured
The Compromise
Catholics and Protestants in Netherlands
Philip II’s foreign policy and action during first half of reign
In Mediterranean against Turks
Battle of Lepanto 1571
Perpetual Edict of 1577
Remove Spanish forces from Netherlands in 20 days
Major area of resistance that prevented Spanish world empire
Netherlands
Successors of Edward VI of England
Lady Jane Grey
Mary
Elizabeth
Mary I and her reign
“Bloody Mary”
Killed 287 Protestant leaders immediately after gaining office
Religious extremists who threatened the reign of Elizabeth I
Jesuits
Spain
Mary Queen of Scots
Puritans: Presbyterians and Congregatinoalists
Elizabeth settlement
Passes Thirty-Nine Articles
Protestants keep their teachings, while Catholics keep their rituals and style
Thirty-Nine Articles
Protestantism is the official religion of England
Puritans, Presbyterians and Congregationalists
Extremists against Elizabeth
Protestant religions based on Puritanism
Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England
1568 Duke of Alba takes troops in
1570 Elizabeth is excommunicated
1572 Spanish pirating. St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
1587 Mary Queen of Scots executed
Reasons for Pope Sixtus V’s support for Spain against England
Spain was Catholic, while England was protestant
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Significance of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Marked the beginning of the decline of Spanish power
France became the great European super power
Preconditions of the Thirty Years’ War
Fragmented/Feudal Germany/HRE
Religious Division
Calvinism trying to establish itself in Palatine
Significance of Bavaria during the Thirty Years’ War
Center of Catholic Power
“Ecclesiastical Reservation”
Froze protestant territorial lands after 1555
Importance of Germany to Europe’s merchants and traders
Europe’s highway
Relative geography
Northern plain
Significance of Heidelberg during the mid 16th centrury
“German Geneva”
Center of Calvinism
Defensive alliance of Palatine Calvinists
England
France
Netherlands
Religious Population of HRE in 17th century
About half and half Protestant to Catholic
a few more protestant, but not by a lot
Lutheran in the North
Catholic in the South
Place of outbreak of Thirty Years’ War
Bohemia
Reasons for beginning Thirty-Years’ War
Defenestration of Prague
Ferdinand stamped out Protestantism
Defenestration of Prague
Protestants threw three political officials out of the window of the palace.
Actions of Ferdinand, king of Bavaria
Revoked rights of Bohemian Protestants
Stages of the Thirty Years’ War
Bohemian
Danish
Swedish
Swedish-French
Edict of Restitution
1629
Made Calvinism Illegal
During Danish stage of war
Battle of Breitenfeld
1630
Turning point of war
Swedish won under Gustavus Adolphus II
Peace of Prague
1635
Peace of Augsburg for Calvinists
Regions in HRE could be Calvinist if that’s the religion of the ruling prince
Depopulation of Germany because of Thirty Years’ War
One third of the population died
Worst catastrophe in Europe since Black Death
Treaty of Westphalia
1648
Legalizes Calvinism
Switzerland becomes independent
Netherlands is officially recognized as being independent by other European countries
Austria and Prussia become the most powerful regions of the HRE
Major Events Associated with Tudor Monarchs
1455-1485 War of Roses: Henry VII
1534 Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII
1549 Act of Uniformity/Book of Common Prayer: Edward VI
1553 Marian Persecutions: Mary I
1558 Calais is lost: Mary I
1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada: Elizabeth I
Thirty Years’ War time period
1618-1648
Pacification of Ghent
1576
End of Tudor Monarchy
1503
