Unit 3—Chapters 13 & 14 Flashcards
James I
Rule and relationship with Parliament
First Stuart monarch in England Catholic Also king of Scotland Only called Parliament when he needed money Had big terrifs
Absolute Rule
Ruler believes he’s been chosen by God (Divine Rite of Kings)
Ruler doesn’t consider representative assemblies or Parliaments
James I foreign policy
Made peace treaty with Spain in 1604
Retracts penal laws against catholics
Didn’t help protestants during Thirty Years War
Hampton Court Conference
1604
James I says he’ll ignore all protestants
Charles I’s Extra-parliamentary measures
Did most of his work outside of parliament
Renewed many taxes that had been discontinued long ago
The Petition of Right
1628
Charles asks parliament for money. They say they’ll give it to him if he agrees to set parliament control his income. He agrees, but later realized he didn’t have as much power as he wanted and disbanded Parliament in 1629
Facts about the “Long Parliament”
1640-1660
Consisted of merchants, landlords, Puritans, and conservative Anglicans.
They tell Charles that he has to sign to make England a limited monarchy, so he dissolves parliament.
They don’t dissolve even though he told them to.
English Civil War
*1642-1646/1649 Cavaliers: Monarch's soldiers Roundheads: Parliament's soldiers Oliver Cromwell lead the Roundheads after first half. He taught them to fight guerrilla and they pwn'd. *1649: Charles I executed
England after Oliver Cromwell
The Restoration
They wanted monarchy back
England under Oliver Cromwell
*1649-1660
Republic of the Commonwealth
Puritan Extremist Military Dictatorship
Cromwell disbands parliament in 1653
Treaty of Dover
1670
Between England and France against Netherlands
Charles tells Louis XIV that he’ll openly convert to Catholicism when the time is right. He doesn’t until he’s on his death bed.
The Test Act
1672
Made by Parliament in response to Declaration of Indulgences of 1672
Made everyone deny Transubstantiation if he wanted to gain any sort of official power
16th-17th century Netherlands
Independence from Spain in 1572
Calvinism was official religion. Many Jews. Different religions lived together peacefully
Monarchy, but with strong Parliamentary backing
Republic. Each province had its own power
Dutch economic prosperity
High urban consolidation
Transformed agriculture
Extensive trade and finance
Oversees commercial empire
Dutch economic decline
18th Century
Dutch prevented another Stadtholder from gaining power after William III of Britain died
Unified political leadership vanished
William III of Orange
He allowed Netherlands to become a permanent country in Europe
Two most important models of European political organization
Political Absolutism
Parliamentary Monarchy
Religious Policies of Charles I
Opposition to Presbyterian Scots and English Puritans
Tried to impose a prayer book on the Scots very similar to the Book of the Common Prayer
The Popish Plot
1678
Titus Oats swore that Charles II’s Catholic wife was plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill Charles so James could assume the throne.
Declaration of Indulgences of 1687
Suspended all Catholic penal laws
By James II
Glorious Revolution
*1688
Parliament invited the rulers, William and Mary(English king’s sister), from Netherlands to invade England and rid them of Catholic rule.
The Act of Settlement of 1701
Made house of Hanover the next ruling dynasty in England
George I was first Hanover ruler
50 others were closer in line, but they were all Catholic, so they could’t become English monarch
The Act of Union
1707
Created United Kingdom of England, Scotland, and Wales
During Anne Stuart’s reign
Robert Walpole
First Prime Minister of England
Didn’t try to get to much power; was modest
Cardinal Armand Richelieu
“Heavy handed centralization”
Chief adviser to Louis XIII
Gave a lot of power to the lesser nobility
Louis XIV’s relationship with the French nobility
Made nobility, especially the lesser nobility, feel as if they had power and say in political affairs.
Louix XIV’s reign
1643-1715
Outlived children and grandchildren
Was the longest ruling monarch Europe had seen
Versailles
Hugemongantuan
It consumed over half of France’s treasury every year to maintain.
Louis XIV’s religious acts
Suppressed Jansenists
Hurt Gallican Liberties
Believed in Religious uniformity
Symbolism of Louis XIV
“The Sun King”
No one in Versailles could rise from bed until after the “sun” had.
Jansenists
1630s
Catholic religious order against Jesuits
Cornelius Jansen wrote Augustinus
“Original Sin”: Everyone born of Adam and Eve ( Everyone) was born with the original sin that Adam and Eve had committed
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
1658
“Edict of Fontainebleau”
Closed all protestant worship places is France
Any protestants who didn’t convert to Catholicism were either exiled or put into servitude.
France becomes the face of religious porecution
Finance Minister of Louis XIV
John Law
Duke of Orléans
Both big gamblers and big risk takers
Wars fought during Louis XIV’s reign
War of Devolution 1667-1668
Franco-Dutch war 1672-1679
Nine Years’ War 1689-1697
War of Spanish succession *1701-1714
War of Spanish Succession
Louis XIV’s grandson, Philip V, got ruling power over Spain after Charles II died. Louis thinks Spain and France should unite.
Treaty of Rastatt in 1714 ends war
Treaty of Urecht
1713
Part of the War of Spanish Succession
England gets Gibraltar and still has it today
France after Louis XIV
Louis XIV outlived children and grandchildren
Great-grandson Louis XV succeed him
Duke of Orléans became reagant
Economic Beliefs of John Law
Wanted to print paper money
Starts Royal Bank
Mississippi Bubble
John Law convinces people to invest in the Mississippi Company. He has them trade in gold for stocks. Smart inventors quickly turn their stocks around for paper money. They then try to trade it in for gold, but there isn’t enough gold in the bank to exchange the paper money.
17th Central and Eastern Europe
Economy was less advanced than Western Europe
More large estates worked by surfs
Little or no overseas territories
Weak political authorities
Dynasties of Central and Eastern Europe
Hapsburg - Austria
Hohenzollern - Prussia
Romanov - Russia
17th Century Poland
No strong central authority
Polish monarchy was elective
Sejm: Central legislative body. Any member could dissolve it at will through the Liberum Veto
Pragmatic Sanction
*1713
Was to ensure Charles VI’s daughter would gain power after him so the Hapsburg dynasty to still hold power
Aftermath of the reign of Ivan IV of Russia
Streltsy Uprising in 1689
Great Northern War
*1700-1721
Russia wanted to control Baltic and have a warm-water port
Peace of Nystad ended war and Russia got Estonia
St. Petersburg
Modeled after Versailles
Became Russia’s capitol
Reforms of Peter the Great
Administrative colleges: Oversay military, economy, foreign affairs, etc.
Table of Ranks: No more hereditary nobility. Your noble status was based on how much you contributed to society
Holy Synod: Replaced the head patriarch of the Russian Orthodox church
Legacy of Peter the Great
Copied anything Louis XIV did wanted to westernize Russia Made St. Petersburg the capitol Annexed Estonia Killed his son Alexei for conspiring against him
Scientific Revolution
“The process which established a new view of the universe.”
Different views of the Universe
Ptolemaic: Geocentrism, Earth is in center of Universe
Copernican: Helicentrism, Sun is in the center
Tychonic: Earth was in the center, the sun revolved around the earth, and all of the planets revolved around the sun.
Traditional view of universe before Scientific revolution
Earth was static
Epicycles and Deferents “explained” backward movement of the planets
Copernican System
Planetary system almost the same as what we know it as today.
Nocolaus Copernicus
Heliocentrism
One the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres 1543
Tycho Brahe
Recorded a lot of astronomical data
Tychonic view of universe
Johannes Kepler
Ellipticals
The New Astronomy 1609
Isaac Newton
Gravity causes the planetary revolutions
Laws of motion
Pricipia Mathmatica 1687
Mechanism
Explaining things through mechanical metaphors
God built the universe like a clockmaker would build a clock. God then “wound up” the universe and “let go”
Francis Bacon
Father of Empiricism
Inductive Reasoning: Going from specific to general
Novum Organum: “The New Organ” ie the brain
Men of Experiments and Dogma
Cartesian Dualism
Everything divided into two parts:
Material things
Thinking things
Descartes
Inductive Reasoning: General to specific
“I think, therefore I Am”
Didn’t believe that everything had already been discovered
Tabula Rasa
“Blank Slate”
Opposite of Original Sin
Behaviorism
Role of women in the Scientific Revolution
Partners to husbands or fathers
Influence on men
Maria Winkelmann
Discovered a comet
Tried to continue her husband’s work after he died, but the college wouldn’t allow her to, since she was a woman
Trial of Galileo
1633
Inquisition of Galileo
Galileo put under house arrest
He recanted his work
Blaise Pascal
“Pascal’s Wager”: Be good in this life just in case God exists
Sided with Jansenists. He thought most Catholics and Jesuits took sin too lightly
“Pensées”: Two truths exist over all others: 1. There is a living God 2. Mankind is unworthy of that God
Opposed to Atheists and Deists
Physico-theology
Two books exist: The Bible and Nature. Both are written by the same author and don’t conflict with each other
Studying nature can help you to understand God
Causes of Witch Hunts
From *1400s-1700s The Plague Protestant Reformation Religious Wars Superstition
Results of Witch Hunts
70-100 thousand executed
Gets out of control
Targets of Witch Hunts
Usually women over the age of 40
80% were women
“Cunning Folk”: Healers and herbalists for using “supernatural” techniques
Reasons for the end of Witch Hunts
They got out of control
The Scientific revolution rationalized thought and people realized how ridiculous it all was
Rulers of Russia
1640-1688 Frederick William “The Great Elector”: Forged together many eastern Prussian lands
1688-1713 Frederick I of Prussia: Founded Halle University
1713-1740 Frederick William I: Built up Prussian army from 39k to 80k
1740-1786 Frederick II “The Great”: Invaded Silesia
Boyars
Peter the Great made them all shave their beards or pay a beard tax
They feared Peter the Great after he suppressed the Streltsy from the Streltsy uprising
Galileo
Universe of Mathematical laws "New Astronomy", "Starry Messenger", and "Letters on Sunspots" Improved the telescope Discovered that Jupiter had moons Solar Flares
17th Century Scientists
Johannes Kepler: Ellipticals
Galileo Galilei: Telescope, solar flares, Jupiter moons
Isaac Newton: Gravity causing orbits. Empiricism
Thomas Hobbes
"Leviathan" Supported absolute monarchy Men are brutally selfish Tyranny is better than anarchy Don't do unto others as you wouldn't have done unto you
John Locke
“Two Treatises of Government”, “Letter concerning Toleration”, and “Essay Concerning Human Understanding”
Natural rights: Life, Liberty, Property, Rise to Rebellion
Role of government is to maintain order
Tabula Rasa
Movements of 18th century influenced by new science
The Enlightenment
