Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 290 > Unit 4: Chapter 11: Human Development Across the Lifespan > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chapter 11: Human Development Across the Lifespan Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

The Prenatal Period

A

Extend from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Germinal Stage

A

First two weeks of prenatal development after conception. Begins when a zygote is created through fertilization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

Second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month. Vital organs and bodily systems begin to form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fetal Stage

A

Third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth. Muscles and bones begin to form, and brain cells multiply during the final three months.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Age of Viability

A

Age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth; between 22 and 26 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Teratogens

A

Any external agents, such as drugs or viruses, that can harm an embryo or fetus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD)

A

A collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Motor Development

A

The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Development Norms

A

The median age at which individuals display various behavior and abilities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess

A

Conducted a major longitudinal study of temperament, and found that “temperamental individuality is well established by the time the infant is two to three months old.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Temperment

A

Characteristic moods, activity level, and emotional reactivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time; can extend over many years.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

Investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time; more sensitive to developmental changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Occur when differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Attachment

A

Close, emotional bonds of affections that develop between infants and their caregivers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Studies of attachment in infant rhesus monkeys. Removed monkeys from their mothers at birth and raised them in the laboratory with two types of artificial “substitute mothers.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

John Bowlby

A

Argued there must be a biological basis for attachment; infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior that triggers an affectionate protective response from adults.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ainsworth

A

Method called strange situation procedure; infants-mother attachments follow three patterns: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment, and avoidant attachment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Strange Situation Procedure

A

Where infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their attachment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stage

A

Developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Erikson’s Stage Theory

A

Divided the life span into eight stages-each which brings a psychosocial crisis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Trust Versus Mistrust

A

First stage of Erikson’s Stage Theory (age 1); when an infant has to depend on adults.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt

A

Second stage of Erikson’s Stage Theory (age 2-3); when parents begin toilet training and other efforts to regulate child’s behavior.

24
Q

Initiative Versus Guilt

A

Third stage of Erikson’s Stage Theory (age 3-6); when children experiment and take initiative that may conflict with their parents’ rules.

25
Q

Industry Versus Inferiority

A

Fourth Stage of Erikson’s Stage Theory (age 6 through puberty); Am I competent or am I worthless?

26
Q

Identity Versus Confusion

A

Fifth stage of Erikson’s Stage Theory (adolescence); Who am I and where am I goin?

27
Q

Intimacy Versus Isolation

A

Sixth stage of Erikson’s Stage Theory (early adulthood); Shall I share my life with another or live alone?

28
Q

Generativity Versus Self-Absorption

A

Seventh stage of Erikson’s Stage Theory (middle adulthood); Will I produce something of real value?

29
Q

Integrity Versus Despair

A

Eighth stage of Erikson’s Stage Theory (late adulthood); Have I lived a full life?

30
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Theory developed by Jean Piaget. Transitions in youngsters’ patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving.

31
Q

Piaget’s Stage Theory

A

Jean Piaget proposed that youngsters progress through four major stages of cognitive development.

32
Q

The Sensorimotor Period

A

Stage 1 of Piaget’s Stage Theory (birth to age 2); infants are developing the ability to coordinate their sensory input with their motor actions.

33
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them.

34
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences.

35
Q

Object Permanence

A

Develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.

36
Q

Preoperational Period

A

Stage 2 of Erikson’s Stage Theory (age 2-7); children improve their use of mental images.

37
Q

Conservation

A

Awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.

38
Q

Centration

A

Tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects.

39
Q

Irreversibility

A

Inability to envision reversing an action.

40
Q

Egocentrism

A

Limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint.

41
Q

Animism

A

Belief that all things are living.

42
Q

Concrete Operational Period

A

Stage 3 of Erikson’s Stage Theory (age 7 to 11); Children master reversibility and decentration.

43
Q

Reversibility

A

Permits a child to mentally undo an action.

44
Q

Decentration

A

Allows the child to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously.

45
Q

Formal Operational Period

A

Stage 4 of Erikson’s Stage Theory (begins around 11); Youngsters graduate to relatively adult modes of thinking.

46
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Russian psychologist; developed the sociocultural theory-asserts that culture exerts great influence over how cognitive growth unfolds.

47
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

Gap between what a learner can accomplish on their own and what they can achieve with guidance from skilled partners.

48
Q

Habituation

A

Gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus of a habituated response.

49
Q

Dishabituation

A

Occurs if a new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of a habituated response.

50
Q

Kohlberg

A

Most influential stage theory, which focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior.

51
Q

Menarche

A

First occurrence of menstruation.

52
Q

Spermarche

A

First occurrence of ejaculation; usually age 13-14.

53
Q

James Marcia

A

Proposed that the presence or absence of a sense of commitment and a sense of crisis can combine to produce four different identity statuses.

54
Q

Cognitive Domain

A

Aging takes its toll on speed first.

55
Q

Sex

A

Refers to the biologically based categories of female and male.

56
Q

Gender

A

Refers to culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity.

57
Q

False Dichotomy

A

Creates an either-or-choice between the position one wants to advocate and some horrible outcomes to avoid, while ignoring other possible outcomes in between.

PSYCH 290 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions