Unit 3: Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation
Goal-directed behavior; often associated with specific emotions.
Motive
Needs, wants, interests, and desires that encourage people in a certain direction.
Drive Theory
Apply the concept of homeostasis.
Homeostasis
A states of physiological equilibrium, or stability.
Drive
Internal states of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.
Incentive Theory
External stimuli regulate motivational states.
Incentive
External goal that motivates behavior.
Evolutional Theory
Take an evolutionary perspective assert that human motives and those of other species are the products of evolution.
David Buss
Conducted studies to see what people looked for in a mate. States it is not by accident that achievement, power, and intimacy are among the most heavily studies motives.
Hypothalamus
Small structure at the base of the forebrain; plays a role in regulating a variety of human biological needs, including hunger.
Glucose
Simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
Walter Cannon
Verified there is an association between stomach contractions and the experience of hunger.
Brain Regulation
The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of a variety of biological needs related to survival.
Hormonal Regulation
A variety of hormones circulating in the bloodstream contribute to the regulation of hunger.
Leptin
Contributes to the long-term regulation of hunger, as well as the regulation of numerous other bodily functions. Provides the hypothalamus with information about the body’s fat stores.
Obesity
The condition of being overweight. BMI over 30 is considered obese; overweight is 25-29.9.
Set-Point Theory
Proposes that the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them fairly stable.
Vasocongestion
Engorgement of blood vessels; produces penile erection and swollen testes in males, and leads to swelling of clitoris in females.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
Groundbreaking research on the human sexual response, which showed how the intensity of sexual arousal changes as women and men progress through these stages.
Four Stages of Sexual Response Cycle
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
Orgasm
When sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity.
Refractory Period
Time after orgasm.
Sexual Orientation
A person’s preference for emotional sexual relationships with people of the same sex, the other sex, or neither.
Affiliation Motive
The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds.
Ostracism
Involves being ignored and excluded by others in your social environment.
Achievement Motive
The need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standard of excellence.
David McClelland
Studied achievement motive. He believed that achievement motivation is of the utmost importance.
John Atkinson
Elaborated on David McClelland’s theory. He theorized that to pursue achievement in a particular situation depends on strength of one’s motivation, one’s estimate of the chance of success, incentive value of success, and fear of failure.
Emotion involves…
- Involves subjective conscious experience.
- Bodily arousal.
- Characteristic overt expressions.
Subjective Conscious Experience
The cognitive component: control of our emotions and our appraisal of important events that leads to emotions.
Joseph LeDoux
Suggests there is evidence that indicates the amygdala can process emotion independent of cognitive awareness. States “emotions are things that happen to us rather than things we will to occur.”
Amygdala
Central role in the acquisition of conditioned fears; processes information very quickly and detects a threat almost instantly, which triggers activity in the hypothalamus.
Affective Forecasting
Efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events.
Bodily Arousal
The physiological component: biological bases of emotions are diffuse, involving many areas.
Autonomic Nervous System
Regulates activity of glands, smooth muscles, and blood vessels (fight-or-flight response).
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
An increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity.
Characteristic Overt Expressions
The behavioral component: emotions expressed in “body language”, or nonverbal behavior.
Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen
Conducted research project where subjects identified what emotion a person was experiencing on the basis of facial expression in photos. Subjects were generally successful in identifying fundamental emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust.
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
Our own facial expressions contribute to the emotions that we feel. These facial expressions are wired in the brain.
Display Rules
Are norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions in a certain culture.
James Lange Theory
William James developed theory of emotion. His theory suggests the different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of difference emotions.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon suggests physiological arousal may occur without the experience of emotion; emotion occurs when the thalamus simultaneously sends signals to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system.
Schachter’s 2 Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter built on the James-Lange Theory. States the experience of emotion depends on two factors: (1) the autonomic arousal and (2) cognitive interpretation of the arousal.
Evolutionary Theories
Emotions evolved before thought, developed because of adaptive value, small amount of preprogrammed human emotions. Three leading theorists: Silvan Tomkins, Carroll Izard, and Robert Plutchik.
Robert Plutchik
Evolutionary Theorist; devised a model of how primary emotions such as fear and surprise may blend into secondary emotions such as awe.
Subjective Well-Being
Individuals’ personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction.
Hedonic Adaptation
When the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point changes.
Argument
One or more premises that are used to provide support for a conclusion.
Premises
Reasons that are presented to persuade.
Assumptions
Premises for which no proof or evidence is offered.
Irrelevant Reasons
Reasons that are not relevant.
Circular Reasoning
Premise and conclusion are restatements of each other.
Slippery Slope
If x happens, it will all be out of control.
Weak Analogies
Similarity between A and B are superficial, weak, or irrelevant.
False Dichotomy
Presents only 2 possibilities where one is definitely better than the other but it is not representative of real life.