Unit 3: Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Goal-directed behavior; often associated with specific emotions.

Question 1

Motive

Answer 1

Needs, wants, interests, and desires that encourage people in a certain direction.

Question 2

Drive Theory

Answer 2

Apply the concept of homeostasis.

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

A states of physiological equilibrium, or stability.

Question 4

Drive

Answer 4

Internal states of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.

Question 5

Incentive Theory

Answer 5

External stimuli regulate motivational states.

Question 6

Incentive

Answer 6

External goal that motivates behavior.

Question 7

Evolutional Theory

Answer 7

Take an evolutionary perspective assert that human motives and those of other species are the products of evolution.

Question 8

David Buss

Answer 8

Conducted studies to see what people looked for in a mate. States it is not by accident that achievement, power, and intimacy are among the most heavily studies motives.

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

Small structure at the base of the forebrain; plays a role in regulating a variety of human biological needs, including hunger.

Question 10

Glucose

Answer 10

Simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Question 11

Walter Cannon

Answer 11

Verified there is an association between stomach contractions and the experience of hunger.

Question 12

Brain Regulation

Answer 12

The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of a variety of biological needs related to survival.

Question 13

Hormonal Regulation

Answer 13

A variety of hormones circulating in the bloodstream contribute to the regulation of hunger.

Question 14

Leptin

Answer 14

Contributes to the long-term regulation of hunger, as well as the regulation of numerous other bodily functions. Provides the hypothalamus with information about the body’s fat stores.

Question 15

Obesity

Answer 15

The condition of being overweight. BMI over 30 is considered obese; overweight is 25-29.9.

Question 16

Set-Point Theory

Answer 16

Proposes that the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them fairly stable.

Question 17

Vasocongestion

Answer 17

Engorgement of blood vessels; produces penile erection and swollen testes in males, and leads to swelling of clitoris in females.

Question 18

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Answer 18

Groundbreaking research on the human sexual response, which showed how the intensity of sexual arousal changes as women and men progress through these stages.

Question 19

Four Stages of Sexual Response Cycle

Answer 19

1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution

Question 20

Orgasm

Answer 20

When sexual arousal reaches its peak intensity.

Question 21

Refractory Period

Answer 21

Time after orgasm.

Question 22

Sexual Orientation

Answer 22

A person’s preference for emotional sexual relationships with people of the same sex, the other sex, or neither.

Question 23

Affiliation Motive

Answer 23

The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds.

Question 24

Ostracism

Answer 24

Involves being ignored and excluded by others in your social environment.

Question 25

Achievement Motive

Answer 25

The need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standard of excellence.

Question 26

David McClelland

Answer 26

Studied achievement motive. He believed that achievement motivation is of the utmost importance.

Question 27

John Atkinson

Answer 27

Elaborated on David McClelland’s theory. He theorized that to pursue achievement in a particular situation depends on strength of one’s motivation, one’s estimate of the chance of success, incentive value of success, and fear of failure.

Question 28

Emotion involves…

Answer 28

1. Involves subjective conscious experience.
2. Bodily arousal.
3. Characteristic overt expressions.

Question 29

Subjective Conscious Experience

Answer 29

The cognitive component: control of our emotions and our appraisal of important events that leads to emotions.

Question 30

Joseph LeDoux

Answer 30

Suggests there is evidence that indicates the amygdala can process emotion independent of cognitive awareness. States “emotions are things that happen to us rather than things we will to occur.”

Question 31

Amygdala

Answer 31

Central role in the acquisition of conditioned fears; processes information very quickly and detects a threat almost instantly, which triggers activity in the hypothalamus.

Question 32

Affective Forecasting

Answer 32

Efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events.

Question 33

Bodily Arousal

Answer 33

The physiological component: biological bases of emotions are diffuse, involving many areas.

Question 34

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 34

Regulates activity of glands, smooth muscles, and blood vessels (fight-or-flight response).

Question 35

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

Answer 35

An increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity.

Question 36

Characteristic Overt Expressions

Answer 36

The behavioral component: emotions expressed in “body language”, or nonverbal behavior.

Question 37

Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen

Answer 37

Conducted research project where subjects identified what emotion a person was experiencing on the basis of facial expression in photos. Subjects were generally successful in identifying fundamental emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust.

Question 38

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

Answer 38

Our own facial expressions contribute to the emotions that we feel. These facial expressions are wired in the brain.

Question 39

Display Rules

Answer 39

Are norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions in a certain culture.

Question 40

James Lange Theory

Answer 40

William James developed theory of emotion. His theory suggests the different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of difference emotions.

Question 41

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 41

Walter Cannon suggests physiological arousal may occur without the experience of emotion; emotion occurs when the thalamus simultaneously sends signals to the cortex and to the autonomic nervous system.

Question 42

Schachter’s 2 Factor Theory

Answer 42

Stanley Schachter built on the James-Lange Theory. States the experience of emotion depends on two factors: (1) the autonomic arousal and (2) cognitive interpretation of the arousal.

Question 43

Evolutionary Theories

Answer 43

Emotions evolved before thought, developed because of adaptive value, small amount of preprogrammed human emotions. Three leading theorists: Silvan Tomkins, Carroll Izard, and Robert Plutchik.

Question 44

Robert Plutchik

Answer 44

Evolutionary Theorist; devised a model of how primary emotions such as fear and surprise may blend into secondary emotions such as awe.

Question 45

Subjective Well-Being

Answer 45

Individuals’ personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction.

Question 46

Hedonic Adaptation

Answer 46

When the mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness-unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point changes.

Question 47

Argument

Answer 47

One or more premises that are used to provide support for a conclusion.

Question 48

Premises

Answer 48

Reasons that are presented to persuade.

Question 49

Assumptions

Answer 49

Premises for which no proof or evidence is offered.

Question 50

Irrelevant Reasons

Answer 50

Reasons that are not relevant.

Question 51

Circular Reasoning

Answer 51

Premise and conclusion are restatements of each other.

Question 52

Slippery Slope

Answer 52

If x happens, it will all be out of control.

Question 53

Weak Analogies

Answer 53

Similarity between A and B are superficial, weak, or irrelevant.

Question 54

False Dichotomy

Answer 54

Presents only 2 possibilities where one is definitely better than the other but it is not representative of real life.