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PSYCH 290 > Unit 2: Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 2: Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Sets of Goals the Scientific Enterprise:

A
  1. Measurement and Description
  2. Understanding and Predication
  3. Application and Control
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1
Q

Measurement and Description

A

Develop measurement techniques that make it possible to describe behavior.

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2
Q

Understanding and Prediction

A

To evaluate their understanding, scientists make hypotheses.

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative statement about a relationship between 2 or more variables.

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4
Q

Variables

A

Any measurable conditions, characteristics or behaviors that are controlled or observed.

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5
Q

Application and Control

A

To understand behavior better, scientists construct theories.

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6
Q

Theory

A

Must be testable, system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

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7
Q

Steps in a scientific investigation.

A
  1. Formulate a testable hypothesis.
  2. Select the research method and deign the study.
  3. Collect the data.
  4. Analyze the data and draw conclusions.
  5. Report the findings
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8
Q

Formulate a testable hypothesis.

A

Translate a theory or an intuitive idea into a testable hypothesis.

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9
Q

Operational Definition

A

Describe the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable.

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10
Q

Select the research method and design the study.

A

Figure out how to put the hypothesis to an empirical test.

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11
Q

Participants

A

Persons or animals whose behavior is systemically observed in a study.

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12
Q

Data Collection Techniques

A

Procedures for making empirical observations and measurements. Some commonly used techniques include: direct observation, questionnaires, interview, psychological tests, psychological recordings, and examination of archival records.

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13
Q

Analyze the Data and Draw Conclusions

A

Observations in a study are converted into numbers, which constitute the raw data of the study.

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14
Q

Report the Findings

A

Write up a concise summary of the study.

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15
Q

Journal

A

Periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, niche.

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16
Q

Research Methods

A

Various approaches to observation, measurement, manipulation, control of variables in empirical studies.

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17
Q

Experiment

A

Research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes any changes in a second variable.

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18
Q

Independent Variable

A

A condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable.

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19
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Affected by manipulation of the independent variable and what is being observed for potential change from the manipulated variable.

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20
Q

Experimental Group

A

Group in an experiment with special treatment (independent variable).

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21
Q

Experimental Research

A

Permits conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

22
Q

Stanley Schachter

A

Social psychologist who questioned why people feel anxious. His hypothesis was that increases of anxiety would increase the desire to be with others, also called the need for affiliation.

23
Q

Control Group

A

Group in an experiment that does not receive any special treatment.

24
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Variables other than the independent that seem to influence the dependent.

25
Q

Confounding of Variable

A

When 2 variables are linked in a way that it is difficult to identify their specific effects.

26
Q

Random Assignment

A

When all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition.

27
Q

Naturalistic Oberservation

A

Observation of behavior without intervention.

28
Q

Reactivity

A

When a subject’s behavior is altered by the presence of an observer.

29
Q

Case Study

A

An in-depth investigation of a particular subject.

30
Q

Survey

A

Questionnaires or interviews to gather information about a participants’ behavior.

31
Q

Statistics

A

Using math to organize, summarize, and interpret data.

32
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Researchers use the median, the mean, and the mode to constitute a typical or average score.

33
Q

Median

A

Score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.

34
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution.

35
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent score in a distribution.

36
Q

Variability

A

How much the scores in a data set vary from each other and form the mean.

37
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many human characteristics are dispersed in the population.

38
Q

Percentile Score

A

Indicates the percentage of the degree of relationship between two variables.

39
Q

Correlation

A

Exists when two variables are related to each other.

40
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.

41
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

42
Q

Statistical Significance

A

Exists when the probability that chance is very low.

43
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Combines the statistical results of many studies of the same question yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable’s effects.

44
Q

Replication

A

Repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated.

45
Q

Sampling Bias

A

When a sample is misrepresenting the population.

46
Q

Sample

A

The collection of participants selected for observation in an empirical study.

47
Q

Population

A

The larger collection from which the sample is drawn; what researchers want to study.

48
Q

Placebo Effect

A

When participants’ expectations influence what they experience.

49
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

Tendency to give socially approved.

50
Q

Response Set

A

Tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions.

51
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

Experimenter’s result preferences influence the results of an experiment.

52
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Neither subjects nor experimenters know which group is the experimental or control groups.

53
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

Promote responsible and ethical treatment of all clients and research participants.

PSYCH 290 (9 decks)

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