Unit 4 (Ch 9 & 10)

Question 1

Knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties

Answer 1

Conceptual knowledge

Question 2

Mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions

Answer 2

Concept

Question 3

The process by which things are placed into groups called categories

Answer 3

Categorization

Question 4

Why are categories useful?

Answer 4

1) Helps us understand individual cases not previously encountered
2) Provides a wealth of general information about an item
3) Allows us to identify the special characteristics of a particular item

Question 5

The approach that determines category membership based on whether an object has the defining features associated with an object

Answer 5

Definitional Approach to Categorization

Question 6

Items in a category resemble one another in a number of ways

Answer 6

Family Resemblance

Question 7

An average representation of the “typical” member of a category

Answer 7

Prototype

Question 8

Occurs when a category member closely resembles the category prototype
- “Typical” member

Answer 8

High prototypicality

Question 9

Occurs when a category member does not closely resemble the category prototype

Answer 9

Low prototypicality

Question 10

Occurs when prototypical objects are processed preferentially

Answer 10

Typicality Effect

Question 11

What was the result of Smith et al. sentence verification study?

Answer 11

• Highly prototypical objects are judged more rapidly

Question 12

What was Rosch’s Priming Study?

Answer 12

• Participants were asked to point out the green dot as quickly as possible
• There were two sets of green dots on the screen.
  
  • One set of dots was a brighter & darker green, and the other set was a pastel green
• Results:
  
  • Reaction time was faster for objects rated higher protypicality
  • People’s prototypes for “green” matched the darker green rather than the pastel green

Question 13

The approach that states the concept is represented by multiple examples rather than a single prototye

Answer 13

The Exemplar Approach

Question 14

What is one similarity between the exemplar approach and the prototype approach?

Answer 14

• Both state that representing a category is not defining it

Question 15

What are two differences between the exemplar approach and the prototype approach?

Answer 15

1) Representation is not abstract in the exemplar approach
2) The exemplar approach includes descriptions of specific examples

Question 16

Items in a category that have a large amount of overlap have high ___________

Answer 16

Family Resemblance

Question 17

The more similar a specific exemplar is to known category member, the faster it will be recognized

Answer 17

Family Resemblance Effect

Question 18

Exemplars work best for ______ categories; Prototypes work best for ______ categories

Answer 18

Smaller; Larger

Question 19

To fully understand how people categorize objects, you must consider….

Answer 19

1) Properties of Objects
2) Learning and experience of percievers

Question 20

Conceptual hierarchy with concepts as nodes in an associative network

Answer 20

Structure/Representation

Question 21

Concepts and their properties are stored at the highest level possible

Answer 21

Cognitive Economy

Question 22

More highly interrelated concepts are retrieved and judged true more rapidly than those with a lower degree of relatedness

Answer 22

Semantic Relatedness Effect

Question 23

What was Meyer and Schvaneveldt’s lexical decision task?

Answer 23

• Participants read stimuli and are asked to say as quickly as possible whether the item is a word or not
  
  • Example:
    
    • Glurb (no) - Bread (yes)
• The key variable was the association between pairs of words
• Results:
  
  • Reaction time was faster for closely associated pairs
    Priming

Question 24

How does strength of association develop?

Answer 24

Repeated pairings of two events

Question 25

The basic unit of knowledge is best represented as a _____

Answer 25

Proposition

Question 26

The smallest unit of knowledge that can be asserted
- The smallest unit on which a true/false judgment can be made

Answer 26

Proposition

Question 27

Which approach?
- Creating computer models for representing cognitive processes
- Parallel distributed processing
- Knowledge represented in the distributed activity of many units
- Weights determine at each connection how strongly an incoming signal will activate the next unit

Answer 27

Connectionist Approach