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psy 3217 > Unit 2 (Chapters 4 & 5) > Flashcards

Unit 2 (Chapters 4 & 5) Flashcards

1
Q

How is attention organized?

A

Short-term & Working memory

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2
Q

The ability to focus on one message and ignore all others

A

Selective Attention

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3
Q

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time

A

Divided Attention

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4
Q

Four interrelated ideas about attention

A
  1. We are constantly confronted with more info than we can attend to
  2. There are limits on how much we can attend to at one time
  3. We can respond to some info and perform some tasks with little if any, attention
  4. With sufficient practice and knowledge, some tasks become less attention-demanding.
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5
Q

Selecting among multiple stimuli to filter out the unimportant and keep the important

A

Filtering

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6
Q

In early attention studies, what were researchers looking for?

A

The location of the filter

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7
Q

Occurs when a person listens to 2 messages presented simultaneously, one in the right ear and one in the left.

A

Dichotic listening

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8
Q

Occurs when a person repeats the words they have just heard out loud in real-time.

A

Shadowing task

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9
Q

What were the findings of Colin Cherry’s shadowing studies?

A

Participants could only report the gross physical characteristics of the unattended message
- High or low-pitched, High or low volume, Gender of speaker

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10
Q

Across multiple shadowing studies, a trend occurred, what was the trend?

A
  • The fewer the “physical” differences between the attended and unattended messages, the harder the unattended message was to ignore.
  • The more physical differences between the attended and unattended messages, the easier the shadowing task became
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11
Q

What theory?
- Attention acts as a simple on-off switch (filter) that allows only one message at a time to pass

  • Filter is controlled by the simple physical characteristics of the message itself
  • Attention acts at the auditory mechanism itself; very early election
  • Filters message before incoming info is analyzed for meaning
A

Broadbent’s Early Selection Model

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12
Q

The ability to focus on one thing to the exclusion of other things

A

Attention

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13
Q

The model that states the attentional filter acts as an attenuator rather than a simple on-off switch.

A

Intermediate Selection Model (Triesman Attenuated Filter Model)

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14
Q

Analyzes incoming messages in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning

A

Attenuator

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15
Q

Contains words, each of which has a threshold for being activated

- Words that are common or   important have low thresholds

- Uncommon words have high thresholds
A

Dictionary Unit (Lexicon)

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16
Q

Triesman’s Ear Switching Study

A

Theorized that participants could pay attention to the meanings of messages and could be able to separate them based on contexts.
- Example: Recording of an English lecture vs. recording of a news report

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17
Q

If Broadbent’s theory about attention is correct, what would be the results of Triesman’s ear-switching study?

A

Participants should shadow the mixed content
- Repeating nonsense

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18
Q

If Triesman’s theory about attention is correct, what would be the results of Triesman’s ear-switching study?

A

Participants should violate instructions and switch ears to stay with the meaning
- Make sense of the mixed message unconsciously

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19
Q

What model states that…
- Short term memory is the bottleneck

- The selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after all the information has been fully analyzed for meaning.

- Selecting a specific meaning for a word based on the context & threshold of each meaning.
A

MacKay’s Late Selection Model

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20
Q

What was McKay’s experiment?

A
  • In the attended ear, participants heard ambiguous sentences like:
    ‘They were throwing stones at the bank.”
  • In the unattended ear, participants heard either “river” or “money.”
  • Participants chose which sentence was closest to the meaning of the attended message.
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21
Q

What were the results of McKay’s Experiment?

A
  • The meaning of the biasing words (river or money) affected participants’ choices.
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22
Q

Which theory states…
- Low-load tasks that use few cognitive resources may leave resources available for processing unattended task-irrelevant stimuli
- High-load tasks that use all of a person’s high cognitive resources don’t leave any resources to process at any given moment

A

Load Theory of Attention

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23
Q

How much information a person can process at any given moment

A

Processing Capacity

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24
Q

The difficulty of processing any given task
- High-load & Low-load

A

Perceptual Load

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25
Q

Attention is a “_______” resource

A

Limited

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26
Q

What was Foster and Lavie’s task?

A

Participants had to indicate the identity of a target ( X or N) as quickly as possible.
- Easy condition = target surrounded by lowercase “o’s”
- Hard condition = target surrounded by random letters
- Cartoon faces were placed onto both conditions.

27
Q

What were the results of Foster and Lavie’s task?

A

Flashing a distracting cartoon face near the target increases the reaction time for the easy task more than the hard task.

28
Q

Our tendency to experience difficulty naming a physical color when it is used to spell the name of a different color

A

Stroop Effect

29
Q

The act of physically directing the eyes to a stimulus

A

Overt Attention

30
Q

Rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another

A

Sacades

31
Q

Short pauses on points of interest
- The ends of saccades

A

Fixations

32
Q

How are fixations and saccades studied?

A

Eye tracker

33
Q

Areas that stand out and capture attention

A

Stimulus Salience

34
Q

What does stimulus salience depend on?

A
  • Bottom-up characteristics of the stimuli
    - Light & Dark
    - Color & Contrast
35
Q

Top-down determinants of eye movement

A
  • Expectations dictate where the eyes go
  • Scheme schemata
36
Q

Knowledge about what is usually contained in particular contexts

A

Schene Schemata

37
Q

Attention without the use of eye movements

A

Covert Attention/Precueing

38
Q

Processing that occurs obligatorily when a specific eliciting stimulus is present

A

Automatic Processing

39
Q

Characteristics of _________ processing
- Occurs without intent
- Once initiated, it runs to completion
- Not available for conscious monitoring
- It does not require any of the limited cognitive capacity ( attention)
- Results from parallel processing

A

Automatic

40
Q

The ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality
- Top-down

A

Parallel Processing

41
Q

Intentional processing that focuses on achieving a specific goal

A

Conscious/Controlled Processing

42
Q

Characteristics of __________ processing
- Occur only with intent
- Open to awareness
- Requires use of limited cognitive resources (attention)
- Results from serial processing

A

Conscious/Controlled

43
Q

How did William James describe attention?

A

“Taking possession of the mind, in clear, vivid form.”

44
Q

Stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be looking directly at it

A

Intentional Blindness

45
Q

If two versions of a picture are shown, their differences are not immediately apparent.

A

Change Blindness

46
Q

The process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

A

Binding

47
Q

What are the three interrelated attention systems?

A

1) Alerting Attention System
2) Orienting Attention System
3) Executive Attention System

48
Q

Which attention system is responsible for the direction of attention in space?

A

Orienting Attention System

49
Q

Which attention system is responsible for general arousal & alerting us to significant changes in the environment?

A

Alerting Attention System

50
Q

What is the most basic attention system?

A

Alerting Attention System

51
Q

What is the most advanced attention system?

A

Executive Attention System

52
Q

Which attention system is responsible for sustained attention, inhibition of distracting items, controlled attention switching based on long-term goals, etc.. ?

A

Executive Attention System

53
Q

Name the attention system:
- Activity in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, & the basal ganglia
- Dopamine-inhibitory neurotransmitter
- Neural circuitry predominantly in the frontal lobes

A

Executive Attention System

54
Q

Name the attention system:
- Activity in the midbrain (tectum), superior parietal lobe, & the temporal parietal junction.
- Acetylcholine-excitatory neurotransmitter
- Based in the parietal lobes

A

Orienting Attention System

55
Q

Name the attention system:
- Primarily sub-served by relatively primitive subcortical areas of the brain
- Activity in the brainstem, right frontal & parietal lobes
- Norepinephrine (excitatory neurotransmitter)

A

Alerting Attention System

56
Q

What was the Visual Memory Search Task? (Shriffin & Schneider)

A
  • Hold 1, 2, 3, or 4 target letters in memory
  • Present a letter on-screen; the task is to determine as quickly as possible whether the letter is among the target set.
    • Consistent Condition
      • Over thousands of trials, the target stimuli are always the same
    • Varied Condition
      - The target set was changed regularly
57
Q

What were the results of the Visual Memory Search Task? (Shriffin & Schneider)

A

Consistent Condition
- After much practice, the search became automatic
- Participants reaction time for multiple letter sets was just as fast as for single letter sets (parallel processing)

Varied Condition
- Participants never developed an automatic response to the targets

58
Q
A
59
Q

What was the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study and its results?

A

Video recorders placed on cars
- Results: Accident risks are 4x higher when the driver is using a cell phone*

60
Q

What was Strayer and Johnston’s Study
and its results?

A

Simulated driving
- Results: Participants on the phone missed 2x as many red lights and took longer to hit the brakes while using a cell phone.
- The same result using a “hands-free” cell phone

61
Q

What was the Inattentional Blindness Experiment and its results?

A
  • Participants were asked to identify which arm was longer (horizontal or vertical)
  • On the last trial a small square was presented on the image
    • Results: Participants were not able to see the square
62
Q

What was the Gorilla Suit Study and its results?

A
  • Participants were asked to focus on the white team
  • A person in a gorilla suit entered the scene
    • Results: Participants do not report seeing the gorilla because they are so focused on the white team
63
Q

What was Triesman and Schmidt’s Study and its results?

A
  • Flashed the stimulus objects for 200 ms
  • Once the stimulus had disappeared, participants had to report the two black numbers and then report what they saw at the four shape locations.
    • Results:
    • In 20% of trials, participants reported illusory conjunctions.

psy 3217 (2 decks)

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