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psy 3217 > Unit 1 (Chapters 1 -3) > Flashcards

Unit 1 (Chapters 1 -3) Flashcards

1
Q

Responds while a subject is watching another person complete a task and reacting as if they are completing it
- May be involved in determining the “why” of actions
- Learning from others while not directly experiencing

A

Mirror neurons

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2
Q

Visual cortex –> Parietal lobe
- dorsal
- action pathway

A

Describe the “where pathway”

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3
Q

Visual cortex –> Temporal lobe
- ventral
- perception pathway

A

Describe the what pathway

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4
Q

Determining the location of an object

A

What is the function of the “where pathway”

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5
Q

Determining the identity of an object

A

What is the function of the “what pathway”?

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6
Q

One’s estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by 2 factors
1) prior probability
2) Likelihood of a given outcome

A

Bayesian Inference

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7
Q

Knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains

A

Scene Schema

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8
Q

Characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes.

A

Semantic regularities

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9
Q

We assume light comes from above
- Shadows affect our light perception

A

Light-from-above assumption

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10
Q

We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orienations

A

Oblique effect

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11
Q

We perceive the world in a way that “most likely” makes sense based on past experience

A

Likelihood principle (Probabilistic Processing)

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12
Q

Speech segmentation studies using 8-month-olds.
- Infants pay more attention to novel stimuli rather than familiar stimuli

A

What was the study of transitional probabilities

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13
Q

Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word

A

Transitional probablilities

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14
Q

The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins

A

Speech segmentation

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15
Q

Blue and red rectangles
- Image usually interpreted as the blue rectangle being in front of a red rectangle.

A

Helmhotz’s unconscious inference

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16
Q

Similar things appear grouped together
- Example: Dots in the shape of a square

A

Principle of similarity

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17
Q

Every stimulus pattern is seen so the structure is as simple as possible
- Example: Olympic Rings

A

Law of pragnaz/Simplicity

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18
Q

Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
- Example: Rope

A

Principle of good continuation

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19
Q

Increase in firing when signal hits the center; decrease in firing when signal hits the sides (or vice versa)

A

Bar detectors

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20
Q

Increase in firing when the signal hits one side of the cell; decrease in firing on the other side of the cell

A

Edge detectors

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21
Q

Light falls on surrounding= increase in rate of firing
Light falls on center= decrease in rate of firing

A

Off-On cells

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22
Q

Light falls on center= increase in rate of firing
Light falls on surrounding area= decrease in rate of firing

A

On-Off cells

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23
Q

Concentration of cones
- Functions: Fine detail & directing attention

A

Fovea

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24
Q

Black and white, night vision

A

Rods

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25
Q

Color and Acuity (sharpness of detail)

A

Cones

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26
Q

People construct perceptions using information based on expectations

A

Top-down processing

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27
Q

Data-driven & relatively slow
- Infants use this

A

Direct perception Theories

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28
Q
  • Relies on prior experiences for processing
  • Fast process
A

Constructive perception theories

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29
Q
  • Perception comes from stimuli in our environment
  • Environment provides “data” for processing
  • Parts are identified and put together to process
    • Involve gestalt principles
A

Bottom-up processing

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30
Q

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
- Information collected by the retina could differ from reality (blurred or hidden objects)

A

Inverse projection problem

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31
Q

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses
- The brain making an “educated guess” about what is happening in the surrounding world

A

Perception

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32
Q

Brain function that occurs when it’s at rest

A

Default Mode Network

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33
Q

How groups of neurons within the connectome function in relationships of cognition
- Determined by the amount of correlated neural activity in 2 brain areas
- Example: Motor and somatosensory are correlated

A

Functional connectivity (Correlated Neural Activity)

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34
Q

The brains “wiring diagram” created by axons that connect brain areas

A

Structural connectivity (Connectome)

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35
Q

Responds specifically to pictures of bodies & parts of bodies

A

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

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36
Q

Responds directly to places a person’s been
- Example of double dissociation

A

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

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37
Q

Responds specifically to faces
- Damage here causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)

A

Fusiform face area (FFA)

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38
Q

Brain damage causes a loss in a particular function

A

Simple dissociation

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39
Q

Damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present and vice versa

A

Double dissociation

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40
Q

Neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus
- lines, angles, edges, movement.
- oblique effect studies with kittens

A

Feature detectors

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41
Q

Structure of the brain changes with experience/environment

A

Experience-dependent plasticity

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42
Q

A system that creates representations of the world

A

Mind

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43
Q

Active potential sends a signal to other neurons, Resting potential sends nothing

A

What is the difference between resting potential and active potential?

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44
Q

Don’t send any signals to other neurons
-70 microvolts in the inside of the neuron compared to the outside

A

Resting potential

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45
Q

How a neuron sends a signal to the next neuron
+40 microvolts inside the neuron compared to outside the neuron

A

Action potential

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46
Q

Responds to dendrites of other cells

A

Terminal buttons

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47
Q

Long shaft that transmits electrical signal through the neuron

A

Axon

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48
Q

Extensions connected to cell body that receive info from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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49
Q

Connective area from one cell to the next
- Where communication occurs

A

Synapse

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50
Q

Contains the mechanisms that keep the cell alive

A

Cell body (Soma)

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51
Q

Cells specialized to create, receive, and transmit information all across the body

A

Neurons

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52
Q

Individual nerve cells transmit signals and are not continuously linked
- Established by research done with golgi staining

A

Neuron doctrine

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53
Q

Neurons are a continuous communication of signals

A

Nerve net theory

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54
Q

Study of the physiological basis of cognition

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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55
Q

1) Humans have limited capacity for information processes
2) Humans are active information processors
3) Mental processes can be studied scientifically
4) Time and accuracy measures allow reasonable inferences
5) Human processing is computational
6) Humans use a symbol-manipulating system

A

Tenets of Cognitive Research

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56
Q

Off-On cells

A

Light falls on surrounding= decrease in rate of firing
Light alls on center= decrease in rate of firing

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57
Q

Constructive perception theory

A
  • Replies on prior experiences for processing
  • Fast process
  • top-down
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58
Q

Factual memory

A

Semantic memory

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59
Q

Mind

A

A system that creates representations of the world

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60
Q

Who taught the first psychology course at Harvard?

A

William James

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61
Q

Information Processing Approach

A

Claims that the operations of the mind occur in stages; associated with insights associated with computers

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62
Q

What speeds up the reaction on the axon?

A

Myelin Sheath

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63
Q

Default Mode Network

A

Brain function that occurs when it’s at rest

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64
Q

The mental process
- Perception, memory, attention

A

Cognition

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65
Q

What discovery caused the emergence of cognitive neuroscience?

A

The fMRI

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66
Q

What is “shaping”?

A

Linking a sequence of simple behaviors to achieve a more complex behavior

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67
Q

Who developed the flow diagram?
-Attention model; mimicked computer processes

A

Daniel Broadbent

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68
Q

How was the oblique effect studied?

A

Studied visual stimuli in kittens.
- Kittens were exposed to vertical stimuli only, resulting in the kittens being unable to see diagonal and horizontal stimuli.

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69
Q

fMRI

A
  • Relies on magnetic properties of blood
  • No radiation
  • Assesses blood flow
  • More detailed than PET
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70
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A

Responds specifically to faces
- Damage here causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)

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71
Q

Electrophysiology

A

Used to study electrical response of the nervous system

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72
Q

Which photoreceptor is light sensitive?

A

Rods

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73
Q

Top-down processing

A

People construct perceptions using information based on expectations

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74
Q

Who establishes the first scientific psychology lab?

A

Wilhem Wundt

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75
Q

Oblique effect

A

We perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orienations

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76
Q
  • Measures blood flow to the brain
  • Uses radiation (can be harmful)
  • Shows what part of the brain is most active
A

PET scan

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77
Q

PET scan

A
  • Measures blood flow to the brain
  • Uses radiation (can be harmful)
  • Shows what part of the brain is most active
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78
Q

What was the result of Ebbinghaus’s memory experiment?

A

Determined that memory begins to fade after 2 days

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79
Q

What was the study of transitional probabilities

A

Speech segmentation studies using 8-month-olds.
- Infants pay more attention to novel stimuli rather than familiar stimuli

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80
Q

Information Theory

A

Claims that the brain has limited capacity; similar to a computer

81
Q

Artificial Intellegence

A

Making a machine behave in ways that a human would.

82
Q

What is the function of the “where pathway”
- dorsal & action pathway

A

Determining the location of an object

83
Q

Semantic regularities

A

Characteristics associated with functions carried out in different types of scenes.

84
Q

Perception

A

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses
- The brain making an “educated guess” about what is happening in the surrounding world

85
Q

What is an example of the bayesian inference?

A

“I have a cough, I must be coming down with a cold”

86
Q

Neuron doctrine

A

Individual nerve cells transmit signals and are not continuously linked
- Established by research done with golgi staining

87
Q

Light-from-above assumption

A

We assume light comes from above
- Shadows affect our light perception

88
Q

Little Albert was placed in a room. A white rat was placed in the room and a loud noise was played. Albert began to be conditioned to be afraid of any white object.
- Behaviorist approach

A

What was the context of the “Little Albert” experiment?

89
Q

Where is the “where pathway” (Dorsal pathway) located?

A

Upper part of the brain

90
Q

Choice reaction task

A

A person’s response to a stimulus when other stimuli are present

91
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Less than a second

92
Q

Helmhotz’s unconscious inference

A

Blue and red rectangles
- Image usually interpreted as the blue rectangle being in front of a red rectangle.

93
Q

Describe operant conditioning

A

The process of shaping behavior through rewards and punishment

94
Q

Long-term memory

A

Long periods of time

95
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Studies behavior of people with and without brain damage

96
Q

Perception pathway

A

Visual cortex –> Temporal lobe
- “What pathway”

97
Q

Overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experiments called sensations

A

Structuralism

98
Q

Long periods of time

A

Long-term memory

99
Q

Analytic Introspection

A

Participants are trained to describe experiences and thoughts in response to stimuli

100
Q

Making a machine behave in ways that a human would.

A

Artificial Intellegence

101
Q

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

Responds directly to places a person’s been
- Example of double dissociation

102
Q

Studies behavior of people with and without brain damage

A

Neuropsychology

103
Q

Rods

A

Black and white, night vision

104
Q

Who conducted the first cognitive psychology experiment?

A

Donders

105
Q

Cell body (Soma)

A

Contains the mechanisms that keep the cell alive

106
Q

Terminal buttons

A

At the end of the axon; releases neurotransmitters into the synapse

107
Q

Feature detectors

A

Neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus

108
Q

Dynamics of cognition

A

The flow and activity across the brain’s functional networks change based on conditions

109
Q

How does a behaviorist believe children learn language?

A
  • Children learned speech through operant conditioning
  • Children imitate speech they hear
  • Correct speech is awarded
  • Used “shaping”
110
Q

Functional connectivity (Correlated Neural Activity)

A

How groups of neurons within the connectome function in relationships of cognition
- Determined by the amount of correlated neural activity in 2 brain areas
- Example: Motro and somatosensory are correlated

111
Q

What happens if the Wernicke’s area is damaged?

A

Language comprehension/understanding is impaired

112
Q

Structural connectivity (Connectome)

A

The brains “wiring diagram” created by axons that connect brain areas
- more unique than a person’s fingerprint

113
Q

Linking a sequence of simple behaviors to achieve a more complex behavior

A

What is “shaping”?

114
Q

Direct perception Theories

A

Data-driven & relatively slow
- Infants use this
- bottom up

115
Q

What was the context of the “Little Albert” experiment?

A

Little Albert was placed in a room. A white rat was placed in the room and a loud noise was played. Albert began to be conditioned to be afraid of any white object.
- Behaviorist approach

116
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’s experiment?

A

Studied memory and forgetting by studying a list of nonsense syllables

117
Q

Synapse

A

Connective gap between neurons
- Where communication (action potential) occurs

118
Q

Life events, experiences.

A

Episodic Memory

119
Q

Double dissociation

A

Damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present and vice versa

120
Q

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

Responds specifically to pictures of bodies & parts of bodies

121
Q

Used to study electrical response of the nervous system

A

Electrophysiology

122
Q

Action potential

A

How a neuron sends a signal to the next neuron
+40 microvolts inside the neuron compared to outside the neuron

123
Q

A person’s response to a single stimulus

A

Simple reaction time task

124
Q

Brain Imaging

A

Shows brain activity as it reacts to different cognitive activity

125
Q

What were some of Chomsky’s problems with behaviorism relating to language?

A
  • The problem of serial order.
  • Behaviorism underrated the novelty, productivity, and complexity of human language
126
Q

Speech segmentation

A

The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins

127
Q

On-Off cells

A

Light falls on center= increase in rate of firing
Light falls on surrounding area= decrease in rate of firing

128
Q

Short-term memory

A

A couple seconds

129
Q

Physical actions (remembering how to ride a bike)

A

Procedural memory

130
Q

Claims that the operations of the mind occur in stages; associated with insights associated with computers

A

Information Processing Approach

131
Q
  • Relies on magnetic properties of blood
  • No radiation
  • Assesses blood flow
  • More detailed than PET
A

fMRI

132
Q

Transitional probablilities

A

Knowing which sound will likely follow another in a word

133
Q

Scene Schema

A

Knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains

134
Q

Bottom-up processing

A
  • Perception comes from stimuli in our environment
  • Environment provides “data” for processing
  • Parts are identified and put together to process
    • Involve gestalt principles
135
Q

How many rods do we have?

A

120mil

136
Q

Experience-dependent plasticity

A

Structure of the brain changes with experience/environment

137
Q

Principle of similarity

A

Similar things appear grouped together
- Example: Dots in the shape of a square

138
Q

How are action potentials measured?

A

Rate of firing
- Low intensity stimulus: slow firing
- High intensity stimulus: fast firing

139
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for most cognitive function?

A

Cerebral Cortex

140
Q

Which photoreceptor is light INsensitive?

A

Cones

141
Q

Edge detectors

A

Increase in firing when the signal hits one side of the cell; decrease in firing on the other side of the cell

142
Q

What is the difference between resting potential and active potential?

A

Active potential sends a signal to other neurons, Resting potential sends nothing

143
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

The scientific study of the mind

144
Q

What are the primary receiving areas for senses?

A

Occipital lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe

145
Q

Procedural memory

A

Physical actions (remembering how to ride a bike)

146
Q

Where is the “what pathway” (Ventral pathway) located?

A

Lower part of the brain

147
Q

Axon

A

Long shaft that transmits electrical signal through the neuron

148
Q

Who established cognitive psychology as its own science?

A

Wilhem Wundt

149
Q

Reaction time

A

The interval between stimulus presentation and the person’s response

150
Q

What are the two photoreceptors?

A

Cones and rods

151
Q

Bayesian Inference

A

One’s estimate of the probability of a given outcome is influenced by 2 factors
1) prior probability
2) Likelihood of a given outcome

152
Q

What happens if the Broca’s area is damaged?

A

Language production/speech is impaired

153
Q

What happens if the temporal lobe is damaged?

A

There will be problems with recognizing and identifying objects

154
Q

The process of shaping behavior through rewards and punishment

A

Describe operant conditioning

155
Q

What is an example of a scene schema?

A

Going into a new fast food restaurant and knowing what to expect.

156
Q

Semantic memory

A

Factual memory

157
Q

What are the shadowing studies and who conducted them?

A
  • The shadowing studies presented message A in one ear and message B in the right ear
  • Despite both messages being played at the same time, subjects were able to understand details of message A
  • Colin Cherry
158
Q

What happens if the parietal lobe is damaged?

A

There will be problems with spatial reasoning

159
Q

What was Donder’s experiment?

A

He measured how long it takes a person to make a decision
- Reaction time, simple/choice task

160
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Responds while a subject is watching another person complete a task and reacting as if they are completing it
- May be involved in determining the “why” of actions
- Learning from others while not directly experiencing

161
Q

Cognition

A

The mental process
- Perception, memory, attention

162
Q

Nerve net theory

A

Neurons are a continuous communication of signals

163
Q

Less than a second

A

Sensory Memory

164
Q

Fovea

A

Concentration of cones
- Functions: Fine detail & directing attention

165
Q

What were the periods where behaviorism was dominant?

A

1940’s-1960s

166
Q

Simple dissociation

A

Brain damage causes a loss in a particular function

167
Q

Resting potential

A

Don’t send any signals to other neurons
-70 microvolts in the inside of the neuron compared to the outside

168
Q

Bar detectors

A

Increase in firing when signal hits the center; decrease in firing when signal hits the sides (or vice versa)

169
Q

Principle of good continuation

A

Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
- Example: Rope

170
Q

What did John Watson note as the two problems with the introspection method?

A
  1. Extremely variable results per person.
  2. Results were difficult to verify because they were interpreted in terms of invisible mental processes.
171
Q

What is the function of the “what pathway”?

A

Determining the identity of an object

172
Q

Claims that the brain has limited capacity; similar to a computer

A

Information Theory

173
Q

Six common networks:
Visual
Somato-Motor
Dorsal Attention
Executive Control
Salience
Default Mode

A

Visual: vision and visual perception
Somato-Motor: movement and touch
Dorsal Attention: Attention to visual images and spatial environment
Executive Control: High-level cognitive tasks and working memory
Salience: Attending to survival-related events
Default Mode: Mind wandering, regulation

174
Q

What did John Watson specialize in?

A

Behaviorism

175
Q

What are the three types of long-term memory?

A

Episodic, Semantic, Procedural

176
Q

Action pathway

A

Visual cortex –> Parietal lobe
- ‘Where pathway”
- Dorsal

177
Q

What was the time difference between the simple rt task and the choice rt task?

A

The choice rt task took 1/10th of a second longer than the simple rt task

178
Q

Participants are trained to describe experiences and thoughts in response to stimuli

A

Analytic Introspection

179
Q

Who wrote the first psychology textbook?

A

William James

180
Q

Shows brain activity as it reacts to different cognitive activity

A

Brain Imaging

181
Q

The scientific study of the mind

A

Cognitive Psychology

182
Q

How many cones do we have?

A

6mil
- Reduces down to 1.2mil ganglion cells

183
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Study of the physiological basis of cognition

184
Q

Where is our blind spot?

A

Where the optic nerve begins and has no photoreceptors

185
Q

The interval between stimulus presentation and the person’s response

A

Reaction time

186
Q

Cones

A

Color and Acuity (sharpness of detail)

187
Q

Law of pragnaz

A

Every stimulus pattern is seen so the structure is as simple as possible
- Example: Olympic Rings

188
Q

We perceive the world in a way that “most likely” makes sense based on past experience

A

Likelihood principle (Probablistic proecessing)

189
Q

Simple reaction time task

A

A person’s response to a single stimulus

190
Q

A couple seconds

A

Short-term memory

191
Q

A person’s response to a stimulus when other stimuli are present

A

Choice reaction task

192
Q

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
- Information collected by the retina could differ from reality (blurred or hidden objects)

A

Inverse projection problem

193
Q

Life events, experiences.

A

Episodic Memory

194
Q

Extensions connected to cell body that receive info from other neurons

A

Dendrites

195
Q

Cells specialized to create, receive, and transmit information all across the body

A

Neurons

196
Q

Determined that memory begins to fade after 2 days

A

What was the result of Ebbinghaus’s memory experiment?

197
Q

The ability to recognize an object from different viewpoints

A

Viewpoint Invariance

198
Q

Two types of cells in the primary visual cortex

A

Bar and Edge detectors

199
Q

nerves work together in pods

A

neural circuit

psy 3217 (2 decks)

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