Unit 4: Ch 10 (Muscular System)

Question 1

Action

Answer 1

• Effect produced by a muscle, either to produce a movement or prevent it

Question 2

Three muscle tissues

Answer 2

• Cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle
• Smooth muscle

Question 3

Function, Location of:

Synergist

Answer 3

• Helper muscle to the prime mover
• On the same side of bone as the prime mover

Question 4

Endomysium​

Answer 4

sleeve surrounding the muscle fibers

• contains blood capillaries and nerve fibers
• also provides chemical environment for exchange of ions
• areolar connective tissue

Question 5

Functions of Muscles

Answer 5

• Glycemic control: regulates blood glucose levels
• Heat production (thermogenesis): heat generation & regulation of body temperature
• Movement: gross movement (ie joints)
• Control of orifices
• Peristalsis: smooth muscle that moves food through the GI system
• Stability: posture

Question 6

Nomenclature: Attachment site

Answer 6

• Name of a bone in its name
• Example: femorous

Question 7

Innervation

Answer 7

Nerve fibers entering muscles

• these are the nerves that tell the muscle to contract
• 2 groups
  
  • Spinal nerves
  • Cranial nerves

Question 8

Structure, Location, Striations, Control:

Cardiac muscle

Answer 8

• pumps blood;
• Intercalated discs that operate as gap junctions
  
  • Zigzag appearance
• Striated
• Involuntary contraction
• Found in the heart

Card A

Question 9

Function, Location:

Antagonist

Answer 9

• Relaxes and extends as the prime mover contracts
• On the opposite side of the prime mover

Question 10

Form, Function of:

Fascicles

Answer 10

• A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers
• a “compartment of” bundled muscle fibers within a epimysium, also contains nerves and blood vessels
• Determines the strength of a muscle and the direction in which it pulls

Question 11

aponeurosis

Answer 11

broad sheet-like tendon

Question 12

tendon

Answer 12

bridges the gap between muscle and bone

Question 13

Nomenclature: Fiber direction

Answer 13

• Refers to a plane in its name
• Example: Internal abdominal oblique

Question 14

Belly (body)

Answer 14

• Largest portion of muscle capable of contraction

Question 15

Nomenclature: Size

Answer 15

• “Major, magnus, minor”
• Example: Pectoralis minor

Question 16

sarcomeres

Answer 16

segment of myofibril that shortens to contract the muscle

from one Z disc to the next

Question 17

Fascia

Answer 17

Protective sheath forming compartments around neighboring muscles and other tissues

Question 18

Epimysium

Answer 18

fibrous sheath around the muscle, grades into the fascia

• surrounds the entire muscle/organ
• provides strength in all 3 planes
• dense irreg connective tissue

Question 19

Structure, Location, Function, Control:

Skeletal muscle

Answer 19

• Voluntary contraction
• Striated muscle
• Attached to the bones
• Multi nuclei on the periphery of the cell
• Uses skeleton as an anchor for action

Question 20

Nomenclature: Number of origins

Answer 20

• # of locations where muscle orginates from bone
• Example: biceps brachii

Question 21

myofibrils

Answer 21

long protein cords within a muscle fiber

Question 22

tendon sheath

Answer 22

a type of bursae that form tunnels for tendons to slide through

Question 23

Nomenclature: Shape

Answer 23

• Partially identified by the shape
• Example: Trapezius

Question 24

Muscle germ layer

Answer 24

• Mesoderm

Question 25

Muscle fiber

Answer 25

a single skeletal muscle cell;

• long;
• contains myofibrils
• wrapped in endomysium

Question 26

Origin

Answer 26

• attachment at the “fixed end”
• Immobile portion acting as an anchor

Question 27

Prime mover (agonist)

Answer 27

• The primary muscle doing the contracting
• Typically generates the most force

Question 28

Perimysium

Answer 28

• thick sheath that bundles fascicles together
• carries larger blood vessels, nerves, and stretch receptors
• dense irreg connective tissue

Question 29

Structure, Location, Function, Control:

Smooth muscle

Answer 29

• typically Involuntary,
  
  • responds to a variety of stimuli
• Nonstriated muscle (its reason for its name)
• Most organs & digestive system
  
  • example:esophogus

Question 30

thin filament
and
thick filament

Answer 30

a protein strands that carries out contraction;

• thin filaments are composed of actin
• thick filaments are composed of myosin

Question 31

Insertion

Answer 31

• attachment at the “moving end”
• the distal, freely moving bone of its joint

Question 32

Muscle nomenclature

Answer 32

• Naming muscles
  
  • Fiber direction (ie transverse, oblique)
  • Attachment site (ie name of bone)
  • Size (ie major, minor, magnus)
  • Shape (ie trapezius, orbicularis)
  • Function (ie adductor, abductor, flexor)
  • Number of origins (ie biceps, quadriceps, triceps)

Question 33

Nomenclature: Function

Answer 33

• What results after a muscular contraction
• Example: Adductor longus