Unit 4: Cell Respiration/Photosynthesis

Question 1

Define Ectotherm.

Answer 1

“Cold-Blooded,” an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat, such as the sun.

Question 2

Define Endotherm.

Answer 2

“Warm-Blooded,” an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat, more commonly known as body temperature.

Question 3

What type of thermic animal has a higher respiration rate & why?

Answer 3

Endotherms have a higher respiration rate, as they require constant heat to maintain a stable internal body temperature. Having a higher intake of oxygen allows for a higher metabolic rate, allowing for more energy for their bodies to burn.

Question 4

Why is breathing necessary for Cellular Respiration?

Answer 4

Breathing delivers oxygen to the final stages of Cellular Respiration, acting as the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain. This results is higher production of ATP.

Question 5

How do the Chicago Tylenol Poisoning Murders describe how poisons can interrupt critical steps in Cellular Respiration?

Answer 5

Poisons can shut down certain chemical reactions to cause an imbalance of elements that occur throughout the processes.

Question 6

What is the major similarity between Cellular Respiration and Fermentation?

Answer 6

Both processes involve the breakdown of Glucose to produce ATP

Question 7

What are the major differences between Cellular Respiration and Fermentation?

Answer 7

• Cellular Respiration requires oxygen (Aerobic) while Fermentation does not require oxygen (Anaerobic).
• Cellular Respiration occurs mostly in the mitochondria, while Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm.
• Cellular Respiration’s by-products are CO2 & H2O, while Fermentation’s by-product is Lactic Acid.
• Cellular Respiration releases a lot of ATP energy (38 molecules), while Fermentation releases little ATP energy (2 molecules).

Question 8

What evidence suggests that Glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth?

Answer 8

Glucose is used by every living organism as a source of energy, thus Glucose breakdown by Glycolysis is important even to primitive living beings from long ago.

Question 9

How does ATP function as an allosteric regulator to control the production of ATP?

Answer 9

When ATP levels are high, ATP will bind to an allosteric site on Phosphofructokinase (PFK), an enzyme that catalyses a step in Glycolysis, to change the shape of the active site and thus prevent a surplus of ATP.

Question 10

What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

Answer 10

C6H12O6 + 6O2&raquo_space;> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Question 11

What is oxidized and reduced through the process of Cellular Respiration?

Answer 11

Glucose is oxidized, while Oxygen is reduced to CO2 and Water.

Question 12

Why are Electron Carriers important in the process of Cellular Respiration?

Answer 12

Electron Carriers allow the energy extracted from Glucose to be stored before being converted into ATP.

Question 13

What’s the difference between Substrate Level Phosphorylation and Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 13

Substrate Level Phorphorylation is when ADP is phosphorylated by a substrate to produce ATP, while Oxidative Phorphorylation is when ADP is phorphorylated via the free energy from the Electron Transport Chain to produce ATP.

Question 14

Where does The Light Reaction take place?

Answer 14

The Thylakoid Discs located within the Chloroplast.

Question 15

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

Answer 15

The Stroma located within the Chloroplast.

Question 16

What is the Summary Equation for Photosynthesis?

Answer 16

6CO2 + 6H2O&raquo_space;> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 17

What’s the difference between The Light Reaction and The Calvin Cycle?

Answer 17

The Light Reaction is the first stage of Photosynthesis, converting light energy into ATP and NADPH, while The Calvin Cycle is the second stage, using the ATP and NADPH to turn CO2 into sugar molecules (GA3P).

Question 18

How does Chemiosmosis contribute to ATP synthesis in plants?

Answer 18

Chemiosmosis allows for the movement of protons down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase, powering the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

Question 19

How are electrons transported between Photosystem II and Photosystem I?

Answer 19

An Electron Transport Chain uses plastocyanin to carry electrons to Photosystem I in order to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

Question 20

What is some ways that water is stored in plants that are located in hot, dry climates?

Answer 20

Water can be stored in the leaves and stems of plants as reserves to keep them going for longer periods of time. Alternatively, plants can evolve by growing smaller leaves, reducing the surface area exposed to sunlight and the amount of stomata losing water.

Question 21

How does Photosynthesis moderate the Earth’s climate?

Answer 21

The removal of Carbon Dioxide and redirecting it towards the creation of plant matter reduces the amount of greenhouse gasses trapped in the atmosphere.

Question 22

Why are visible light wavelengths important to Photosynthesis?

Answer 22

The allow a certain range of light energy to be absorbed by plant pigments in Chlorophyll, using that energy to convert certain molecules such as CO2 and Water into Glucose. This is also why most plant matter is green, as green wavelengths are the least absorbed and are instead reflected.

Question 23

What’s the difference between The Action Spectrum and The Absorption Spectrum?

Answer 23

The Action Spectrum shows the efficiency of different wavelengths in a biological process, while The Absorption Spectrum shows the wavelengths of light absorbed by a pigment.

Question 24

What advantage do Electron Transport Chains offer to organisms that possess them?

Answer 24

They allow the cell to extract energy from harvesting electrons.

Question 25

What are the stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

Answer 25

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and The Electron Transport Chain.

Question 26

What is Carbon Fixation?

Answer 26

The conversion of inorganic Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere to organic compounds.

Question 27

Why is Photorespiration wasteful?

Answer 27

It consumes ATP and releases CO2 instead of producing sugar, becoming toxid to many enzymes.