Unit 3: Biochemistry Flashcards
Molecule
2 or more elements bonded together.
Compound
2 or more different elements bonded together.
Ionic Compound
Inside bond between a positive ion and negative ion, Ex: Metal & Non-Metal. The neutral charge is a solid, and ions separate when placed in water.
Non-polar Covalent Compound
Inside bond between nonmetal atoms. The neutral charge is a substance.
Polar Covalent Compound
Inside bond between nonmetal atoms. Ex: Water, as oxygen has a partial negative charge and hydrogen has a partial positive charge. The partial charge is a substance.
Hydrogen Bond
Connection between two molecules; one of which has hydrogen in it. Ex: the negative charge of the oxygen in water is attracted to the positive charge of a second water.
Hydrophilic
Has an affinity for water - the opposite of hydrophobic. Ex: Polar or charged substances - Food Dye
Hydrophobic
Has no affinity to water - the opposite of hydrophilic. Ex: Nonpolar substances - Oil
Acid
Donates hydrogen ions to a solution thus increasing the overall hydrogen ion concentration.
Base
Reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
pH
Measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. Acids lower the pH, while bases raise the pH.
Buffers
Minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution.
Solute
Substance being dissolved.
Solvent
Substance does the dissolving. Ex: Water is a universal solvent.
Solution
Solute dissolved in the solvent. Ex: Like substances dissolve like substances. Water dissolves Salt.
Surface Tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
Capillary Action (adhesion/cohesion)
The clinging of one substance to another.
High Specific Heat
How much heat it takes to change temperature of the substance.
High Heat of Vaporization
Lots of heat used to break bonds, lots of heat to become gas.
Density (ice floating)
Molecules move too slow & break down hydrogen. This causes less density.
Universal Solvent
Versatile solvent, the polarity of the molecule.
Hydrocarbon
An organic molecule consisting of only carbon & hydrogen.
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar/same monomers linked by covalent bonds.
Monomer
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
Dehydration Reaction
The process monomers go through to build polymers.
Hydrolysis
When cells take polymers and break them into monomers.
Monosaccharide vs. Disaccharide
Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates, while Disaccharides are the polymers of carbohydrates.
Starch, Cellulose & Glycogen
All glucose storage polysaccharides found in plants.
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Saturated has only one bond between molecules, while Unsaturated has one or more bonds between molecules.
Phospholipid
Lipid made of glyceride, joined to two fatty acids & a phosphate group.
Glycosidic Linkage vs. Peptide Bond
Glycosidic linkages are between two monosaccharides, while Peptide bonds are between two amino acids.
Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrpohilic?
Hydrophobic, as they are nonpolar due to their equal share of electrons in carbon-hydrogen bonds.
What is a peptide?
A monomer of proteins.
What is a polypeptide?
A polymer of proteins.
What is a Nucleotide?
A monomer of Nucleic Acids.
What is the main way that we recognize lipid molecules?
They mix poorly, if at all, with water.
How does the structure of a triglyceride relate to its function?
It has multiple fatty acid units connected by ester linkage.
What is the purpose of the Primary level of protein?
To assign the amino acids that act as a foundation for the rest of the structure.
What is the purpose of the Secondary level of protein?
To Prepare for the 3d-folding of the Tertiary structure.
What is the purpose of the Tertiary level of protein?
To give the protein structure a specific shape.
What is the purpose of the Quaternary level of protein?
Allows protein to have multiple functions.
Adhesion
The ability of water to stick to other substances.
Cohesion
The ability of water molecules to stick to themselves.
