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AP Biology > Unit 2: Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 2: Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Darwin’s Theory?

A

Species grow to be more and more different from their ancestors because of their adaptation to their environment.

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2
Q

What is Lamarck’s Theory?

A

Acquired characteristics from an animal can be passed on to their offspring.

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3
Q

What is an Adaptation?

A

An inherited skill of an animal that enhances survival and fitness.

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4
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Individuals with more favorable phenotypes are more likely to survive and produce more offspring, thus passing traits to subsequent generations.

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5
Q

What is a mutation?

A

They are always a change in an organism’s DNA.

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6
Q

What is Artificial Selection?

A

Choosing mutations to better accommodate those using it (Humans with crops).

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7
Q

What is a Homologous Structure?

A

A structure that is similar to another due to shared ancestry.

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8
Q

What evidence is there to support evolution?

A

Fossil record, Anatomical record, Molecular record, and Artificial Selection.

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9
Q

What is an Analogous Structure?

A

A characteristic that is similar to another because of convergent evolution.

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10
Q

What is Convergent Evolution?

A

When species evolved independently from different ancestors.

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11
Q

What is Divergent Evolution?

A

When species evolved from a common ancient ancestor.

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12
Q

What is a Vestigial Structure?

A

A body part or function that served a function/purpose in the organism’s ancestry (Appendix).

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13
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

A trait of an organism.

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14
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

An allele.

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15
Q

What is a Gamete?

A

A sexual cell.

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16
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Sex cell division.

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17
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Normal cell division.

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18
Q

What is Microevolution?

A

The smallest scale of evolution, mostly changes in the allele frequencies in a population over generations.

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19
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

A

The frequencies of genotypes & alleles stay constant in a population from generation to generation.

20
Q

What is Genetic Drift?

A

A fluctuation of allele frequencies over time RANDOMLY. Occurs most frequently in small populations.

21
Q

What is the Founder Effect?

A

An isolated population comprised of animals from a larger population. They have their own gene pool.

22
Q

What is the Bottleneck Effect?

A

Genetic Drift caused caused by a huge chunk of the population being wiped out, like a natural distaster.

23
Q

What is Gene Flow?

A

Allele transfer from one population to another because of movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.

24
Q

What is Directional Selection?

A

Natural Selection that allows individuals at one end of the phenotype range to survive or reproduce more successfully then do other individuals.

25
Q

What is Disruptive Selection?

A

Individuals on both extremes of a phenotype range survive/reproduce better than shorter ranged individuals.

26
Q

What is Stabilizing Selection?

A

Opposite of Disruptive, closer is better than extreme.

27
Q

What is Sexual Selection?

A

When a species prefer mates based off of characteristics.

28
Q

What is Heterozygote advantage?

A

Better reproduction of heterozygotes compared to homozygotes; preserve variation in a gene pool.

29
Q

What 5 conditions that must be met for a population to attain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A
  1. No mutations
  2. Random mating
  3. No natural selection
  4. Extremely large population size
  5. No gene flow
30
Q

What is Macroevolution?

A

Large changes found in evolution, usually visual changes like a change in color.

31
Q

What is Speciation?

A

The process of one species splitting into two.

32
Q

What is a Prezygotic Barrier?

A

A barrier that occurs before the zygotes meet to prevent two different species from having offspring.

33
Q

What is a Postzygotic Barrier?

A

A barrier that occurs after the zygotes meet to prevent two different species from having offspring.

34
Q

What is Allopatric Speciation?

A

When a population is geographically isolated into subpopulations.

35
Q

What is Sympatric Speciation?

A

Speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area.

36
Q

What is Polyploidy?

A

A condition where a species gains an extra chromosome.

37
Q

What is Habitat Isolation?

A

A prezygotic barrier that separates species by assigning them a habitat and never giving them a real reason to leave.

38
Q

What is Temporal Isolation?

A

A prezygotic barrier that separates species by giving them different times of breeding/mating, such as one species being nocturnal or migration.

39
Q

What is Behavioral Isolation?

A

A prezygotic barrier that separates species by giving them courtship rituals and the ability to recognize their mates.

40
Q

What is Mechanical Isolation?

A

A prezygotic barrier that prevents successful mating due to morphological differences (physical incompatibility).

41
Q

What is Gametic Isolation?

A

A prezygotic barrier that prevents successful mating due to gamete incompatibility (sperm cannot fertilize egg, sperm cannot survive female reproductive tract).

42
Q

What is Reduced Hybrid Viability?

A

A postzygotic barrier that puts the offspring at a disadvantage due to the genes of one or both parents.

43
Q

What is Reduced Hybrid Fertility?

A

A postzygotic barrier that makes the hybrid offspring sterile, meaning they are unable to have offspring of their own. Example: Mules

44
Q

What is Hybrid Breakdown?

A

A postzygotic barrier that essentially breaks down the offspring of hybrids over time both physically and genetically to make them eventually too feeble to survive or sterile to prevent more hybrid offspring.

45
Q

What is Punctuated Equilibrium?

A

Speciation that happens in small periods of sudden change over a long period of time.

AP Biology (5 decks)

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