Unit 4: Cell Communication & Cell Cycle Flashcards
How do cells talk to each other?
Chemicals and receptors
Unicellular bacteria communicate using
Quorum sensing
Chemicals produced in one part of an organism that affects other parts of the organism
Hormones
Chemicals produced by one organism that affects another organism, usually of the same species
Pheromones
Message chemical that binds to a receptor protein
Ligand
Channels that open or close if there is a difference in voltage or electrical potential on opposite sides of a membrane
Voltage-gated channels
Channels that open or close when a ligand binds
Ligand-gated channels
Ligand gated channels that open or close when a ligand binds, allowing ions to diffuse in or out of the channel
Ion-channel receptors
When a ligand binds to these receptors, they activate G proteins.
G protein-coupled receptors
Cell communication step one
Reception
Detection of a message molecule by a cell
Reception
Cell communication step 2
Transaction
When a ligand binds, they phosphorylate another chemical by transferring a phosphate from an ATP molecule to that chemical.
Protein kinase receptors
Binding of the signal changes shape of the receptor
Transaction
Cell communication step 3
Response
A change in cellular activity
Response
only cells with correct ____ proteins respond to message
Receptor
Entire set of DNA and organism possesses
Genome
Packaged DNA with associated proteins, visible in a microscope
Chromosomes
Material chromosomes are made of, the complex of DNA and proteins
Chromatin
Body cells, all cells except reproductive cells
Somatic cells
Reproductive cells, eggs, and sperm
Germ cells
Duplicated or replicated arms of a chromosome
Chromatid
Area where sister chromatids are joined
Centromere
Proteins that connect to specific DNA sequences at the centromere
Spindle fibers
Prokaryote cells divide by
Binary fission
Control point in the cycle when stop and go signals regulate the cycle
Checkpoints
Protein released by cells that stimulates other cells to divide
Growth factor
Protein with cyclically fluctuating concentration that regulate checkpoints of the cell cycle
Cyclins
Molecules that regulate the cell cycle
Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)
Steps of cell cycle
Interphase: G1, S, G2
Miotic phase: Cytokinesis, mitosis
Programmed cell death, prevents damaged cells from replicating
Apoptosis
Abnormal growth of cell
Tumor
Abnormal cell mass that does not spread or invade other tissues
Benign
Abnormal cell mass that continues to divide and can spread to other tissue and make additional tumors
Malignant tumor (cancer)
Spreading of abnormal cell mass
Metastasis
