Unit 2: Cell Structure & Function Flashcards
Simplest system that can be considered alive
Cell
2 categories of cells
Prokaryote and eukaryote
No nucleus or other membranous organelles
Prokaryote
Nucleus and other membranous organelles
Eukaryote
Which is smaller: prokaryote or eukaryote
Prokaryote
What advantage do smaller cells have?
Surface area/volume ratio
Why is surface area to volume important
Time it takes to permeate all the way through the cell
Interior of the cell
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like fluid within cell
Cytosol
Double membrane bound area enclosing chromosomes
Nucleus
Single DNA molecule with associated proteins
Chromosome
Complex of DNA and proteins in chromosomes
Chromatin
Pores that regulate what materials enter and leave nucleus
Nuclear pores
Assembles rRNA and ribosomes
Nucleolus
Make proteins
Ribosomes
Network of membranes for intracellular transport
Endoplasmic reticulum
Build lipids, metabolize carbohydrates, detoxify drugs, store Ca++
Smooth ER
Assemble glycoproteins for secretion, grows membranes
Rough ER
Receive, sort, modify, package and export chemicals
Golgi
Membranous sacks for storage and transport of chemicals
Vesicles
Membranous sacks containing digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
Large membranous sacks storing water, ions and nutrients
Vacuoles
Membranous sacks containing enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
Release energy by metabolizing food molecules
Mitochondria
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Produce sugars by photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Bacteria cell walls are made out of
Peptidoglycan
Bacteria cell walls are made out of
Peptidoglycan
Plant cell walls made of
Cellulose
Fungi cell walls made of
Chitin
Provide barrier to hydrophilic molecules passing
Phospholipid bilayer
Resists changes in membrane fluidity resulting from temperature changes
Cholesterol
Requires no energy from the cell
Passive transport
Movement of molecule from high to low concentration
Diffusion
Diffusion of water from high to low solute concentration
Osmosis
Diffusion through a transmembrane protein
Recilitative
Channel proteins that transport ions
Ion transport proteins
Channel proteins that open or close in response to stimulus
Active transport or pump
Requires energy from the cell
Active transport
Matrix or mesh of fibers built by the cell and exported outside
Cell wall
Loose mesh of fibers including collagen, polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
Extracellular matrix
Fibronectin protein in the ECM attach to ________ proteins that span the plasma membrane and then attach to cytoskeleton microfilaments
Transmembrane
Provide channels through which chemicals can pass
Transmembrane channels
Carry out enzymatic reactions, often in assembly lines
Membrane-bound enzymes
Membranes need to ____ the cell from its surroundings
Separate
Membranes need to _____ with surroundings
Communicate
Membranes need to allow some chemicals to pass while preventing others from passing, aka
Semi (selectively) permeable
Main molecule of membranes that separates the cell from its surroundings
Phospholipids
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions in the same molecule
Amphipathic
Receive and respond to signal molecules sending messages
Receptors
Allows cells to recognize the type of cell
Marker
Connect or bind cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix
Binding proteins or anchors
Often marker proteins are covalently bonded to carbohydrates
Glycoproteins
Some markers are not proteins, but lipids bonded to carbohydrates
Glycolipids
Fewer solids outside
Hypotonic
Fewer solids inside
Hypertonic
Same amount of solids inside and outside
Isotonic
Bulk transport of molecules out of the cell
Exocytosis
Bulk transport of molecules into the cell
Endocytosis
