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Biology > Unit 1: Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Substance that can not be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

A

Elements

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2
Q

There are about how many naturally occurring chemical elements?

A

100

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3
Q

About how many elements are essential for living organisms

A

25

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4
Q

4 most important and abundant elements

A

CHON: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

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5
Q

CHON

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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6
Q

Smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element

A

Atom

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7
Q

Positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom

A

Protons

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8
Q

Neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom

A

Neutron

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9
Q

Negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus in layers

A

Electron

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10
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

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11
Q

of protons = # of electrons

A

True

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12
Q

Number of protons + average number of neutrons in an atom

A

Atomic mass

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13
Q

Atoms of the same element differing in number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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14
Q

Atom that has lost or gained electrons, becoming charged

A

Ion

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15
Q

Bond between oppositely charged ions, where electron transferred from one atom to the other

A

Ionic

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16
Q

Bond between atoms sharing electrons

A

Covalent

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17
Q

Attraction of an atom in a bond for electrons

A

Electronegativity

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18
Q

Equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

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19
Q

Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond where one atom has a higher electronegativity than the other atom

A

Polar covalent bond

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20
Q

Weak, intermolecular bond between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another molecule

A

Hydrogen bond

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21
Q

Molecule with opposite ends being oppositely charged

A

Polar molecule

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22
Q

In H2O, oxygen is partially __ and hydrogens are partially __.

A

Negative, positive

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23
Q

Water molecules sticking together, results in water being liquid

A

Cohesion

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24
Q

Water molecules sticking to other polar substances

A

Adhesion

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25
Q

Difficulty breaking the surface of a liquid

A

Surface tension

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26
Q

Takes extra heat to break hydrogen bonds so water can evaporate

A

High specific heat

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27
Q

Water is less ___ as a solid

A

Dense

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28
Q

Water is capable of dissolving ionic compounds and many molecules. Water is a

A

Universal solvent

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29
Q

Form determines

A

Function

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30
Q

Dissolving agent

A

Solvent

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31
Q

Substance that is dissolved

A

Solute

32
Q

Combination of solute and solvent

A

Solution

33
Q

Solution in which water is the solvent

A

Aqueous solution

34
Q

Substance that is water soluble

A

Hydrophilic

35
Q

Substance that is water insoluble

A

Hydrophobic

36
Q

Substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A

Acid

37
Q

Substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A

Base

38
Q

Measure of the concentration of acid or base in a solution

A

pH

39
Q

Substance that minimizes changes in the acid or base of a solution

A

Buffer

40
Q

Acids are ___ than 7

A

Lower

41
Q

Bases are ___ than 7

A

Higher

42
Q

Starting materials for a chemical reaction

A

Reactants

43
Q

Final materials present after a chemical reaction

A

Products

44
Q

Element capable of forming large, complex, stable molecules

A

Carbon

45
Q

Covalent combinations of atoms that impart specific properties

A

Functional groups

46
Q

Long molecule made of repeating small molecules

A

Polymer

47
Q

Small molecules used to build polymers

A

Monomers

48
Q

4 kinds of bio molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

49
Q

Made of sugar molecules

A

Carbohydrates

50
Q

Glucose, fructose

A

Monosaccharides

51
Q

All carbohydrates polymerize together by ___ reaction

A

Dehydration

52
Q

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

A

Polysaccharides

53
Q

Carbohydrates are used for

A

Energy

54
Q

Any hydrophobic bio molecule made of fatty acids

A

Lipids

55
Q

Triglycerols, sterols, phospholipids

A

Examples of lipids

56
Q

Proteins are polymers made of

A

Amino acids

57
Q

Proteins are polymers made of

A

Amino acids

58
Q

How many kinds of amino acids

A

20

59
Q

Chain of amino acids

A

Polypeptide

60
Q

Order or sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

A

Primary structure

61
Q

Coils and folds resulting from hydrogen bonds between amino acids in the polypeptide chain

A

Secondary structure

62
Q

Coil within a polypeptide chain

A

Alpha helix

63
Q

2 or more parallel strands within a polypeptide

A

Beta sheet

64
Q

A single, unrepeated loop, fold, or twist in a polypeptide

A

Random coil

65
Q

Overall 3 dimensional shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between amino acid R groups

A

Tertiary structure

66
Q

Clumping together of amino acids with non-polar R groups

A

Hydrophobic attraction

67
Q

Attraction between amino acids with polar R groups

A

Hydrogen bonds

68
Q

Bonds between amino acids with + and - charged R groups

A

Ionic bonds

69
Q

Covalent bonds between 2 amino acids with sulfhydryl R groups

A

Disulfide bonds

70
Q

Protein structure resulting from multiple polypeptide chains

A

Quaternary structure

71
Q

Biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

72
Q

T or F: Proteins are used as enzymes

A

True

73
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers made of

A

Nucleotides

74
Q

DNA, RNA

A

Nucleic acids

75
Q

Inhibitor that attaches outside of the active site of the enzyme

A

Allosteric inhibitors

76
Q

Inhibitor that competes for the substrate

A

Competitive inhibitor

77
Q

Helps fine tune or enhance an enzyme

A

Allosteric enhancer

Biology (5 decks)

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