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APBIO > Unit 4- Cell Communication and Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Unit 4- Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell division; double the DNA, double the size, then split apart

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2
Q

List steps of the cell cycle

A

G1 –> S –> G2 –> M
growth 1, synthesis, growth 2, mitosis, etc.

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3
Q

Interphase consists of

A

G1, S, G2, 90% of the cell cycle

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4
Q

The physical separation of newly formed daughter cells of cell division is also known as

A

cytokinesis

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5
Q

List the steps of mitosis in order

A

-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase

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6
Q

What stage of mitosis when the nucleolus disappears and mitotic spindle forms?

A

prophase

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7
Q

Sister chromatids line up at the middle during…
(mitosis)

A

metaphase

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8
Q

Sister chromatids are split apart at…
(mitosis)

A

anaphase

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9
Q

Nuclei of new cells re-form; chromatin uncoils at…
(mitosis)

A

telophase

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10
Q

Each chromosome pairs with its homolog; there is crossover
(meiosis)

A

Prophase I

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11
Q

Chromosome pairs align along the middle of the cell, ready to split apart (meiosis)

A

Metaphase I

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12
Q

Homologous chromosomes split apart (meiosis)

A

Anaphase I

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13
Q

Nuclear membrane reforms; daughter cells are now haploid(n)
(meiosis)

A

Telophase I

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14
Q

Nucleus disappears, spindle apparatus forms (meiosis)

A

Prophase II

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15
Q

Sister chromatids line up at middle

A

Metaphase II

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16
Q

Sister chromatids are split apart

A

Anaphase II

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17
Q

Nuclei of new cells reform; chromatin uncoils

A

Telophase II

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18
Q

A haploid cell contains _____ copy of each cell

A

1

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19
Q

A ________ cell contains 2 copies of each chromosome

A

diploid

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20
Q

Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and function are called ______________

A

homologous

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21
Q

The process of male gamete formation is called ____________. (4 sperm in one cell)

A

spermatogenesis

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22
Q

The process of female gamete formation(one ovum from each cell)

A

oogenesis

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23
Q

Checkpoints occur in the cell cycle to promote ____________.

A

growth

24
Q

Cells stop growing when certain density is reached (runs out of food) during _________-_____________ inhibition.

A

density- dependent

25
Q

Cyclins and protein kinases

A

cyclin combines with CDK to form a structure known as MPF that pushes cell into mitosis when enough is present

26
Q

Cells uses energy to maintain homeostasis through _____________ _____________, _____________ ____________, and for __________.

A

feedback mechanisms, communcation w/ cells, replication

27
Q

During signal transduction, _______ is responsible for amplyfing intracellular signals

A

cAMP

28
Q

In a signal transduction pathway, first, the ________ binds to the receptor then sets of a cascade of events

A

ligand

29
Q

When the ligand binds to the receptor in a signal transduction pathway, the shape of the receptor __________ ( stays the same/changes), resulting in an ____________( activation/ deactivation) of an enzyme.

A

changes, activates

30
Q

What type of signaling involves the direct contact between cells during communication?

A

Direct cell to cell signaling

31
Q

What type of signaling involves cells that are close to one another but NOT in direct contact. Signals can diffuse only over SHORT distances.

A

Paracrine signaling

32
Q

Where is the receptor located for hydrophilic ligands?

A

on the cell membrane

33
Q

Where is the receptor located for hydrophobic ligands that are small enough to cross the membrane?

A

INSIDE the cell

34
Q

Signaling that involves…
- cells far apart
-hormone is released into the extracellular fluid
- steriod hormones are lipid soluble molecules that pass through membrane, attach to intracellular receptor
(think blood vessel)

A

endocrine signaling

35
Q

Signaling that involves…
- nerve cell, neuron, target cell
- chemical synapse
- release of neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic gap to target the target cell

A

synaptic signaling

36
Q

Signaling that involves…
- a cell sends a signal to itself
-plays important role in cell development and immune system

A

autocrine signaling

37
Q

The addition of phosphate groups is known as…

A

phosphorylation

38
Q

Phosphorylation is catalyzed by enzymes called ____________.

A

kinases

39
Q

The dephosphorylation of proteins( removal of phosphate groups) is cataylzed by the enzyme ___________.

A

phosphatases

40
Q

What is the overall goal of phosphorylation?

A

activation or inactivation proteins in the signal transduction pathway

41
Q

Why would calcium( Ca) be useful in signal transduction pathways?

A

it serves as a secondary messenger, when it binds to the protein, the shape changes, leading to a change in function

42
Q

Cyclic AMP( cAMP) is involved in many signal ________ pathways

A

cascade

43
Q

Protein hormones activate __________ through a multi-step process that begins with protein- hormone activation of relay proteins such as ______________.

A

cAMP, G- proteins

44
Q

What is the main purpose of G- proteins?

A

directly activate adenyl cyclase, which produces cAMP

45
Q

The cell prepares itself for synthesis, making sure that is has all of the raw materials for DNA synthesis, during what stage of the cell cycle?

A

G1

46
Q

DNA is copied so that each daughter cell has a complete set of chromosomes during what stage of the cell cycle?

A

S

47
Q

The cell prepare itself for mitosis(body cells) and/or meiosis(gametes) during the _____ phase.

A

G2

48
Q

The last phase is the ___ where the cell seperates into 2 new cells

A

M (mitosis)

49
Q

What phases make up interphase?
A cell spends about ____ % of its lifetime here

A

G1, S, G2
90%

50
Q

Mitosis consits of how many phases? What is followed by imediately after?

A

4
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

cytokinesis

51
Q

Cytokinesis is the ___________ __________ ____ ______________ ______.

A

physical separation of daughter cells.

52
Q

What protein controls other proteins through the addition of phosphate groups?

A

protein kinase

53
Q

What protein is accumulated during interphase?

A

Cyclin

54
Q

Apoptosis

A

cells undergo programmed cell death
- maintains proper balance of cells in human body, gets rid of cancer cells

55
Q

Negative feedback

A

occurs when a hormone acts to directly or indirectly inhibit further secretion of the hormone of interest.
- body temp when hot -> sweats

56
Q

Positive feedback

A

women delivering baby
- keeps stimulus in the same direction, speeds up action

57
Q

What phase of the cell cycle does crossover occur?
A. Metaphase of mitosis
B. Metaphase I of mitosis
C. Prophase I of meiosis
D. Prophase of meiosis

A

C. Prophase I of meiosis
- humans only, production of offspring

APBIO (5 decks)

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