Unit 3- Cellular Energetics Flashcards
What are the 2 main categories of respiration?
aerobic and anaerobic
What is the second step in aerobic respiration?
Krebs cycle
What is the whole aerobic process?
glycolysis –> Krebs cycle –> oxidative phosphorylation –> 36 ATP per glucose molecules
Anaerobic respiration is also known as…
fermentation
List the anerobic respiration process
glycolysis –> regenerate NAD^+ –> 2 ATP per glucose molecule
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
What are the products of glycolysis?
1 glucose molecule –> 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
What is nececary in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
NAD^+
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
mitochondria
List the products from the Krebs cycle
conversion of 1 pyruvate into 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, H2O, CO2
How many times does the Krebs cycle occur for each glucose?
TWICE
Oxidative phosphorylation produces large amounts of _____ from ________ and __________.
ATP, NADH, FADH2
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the ________________ and requries ______ to continue
mitochondria, oxygen
_________ and _________ pass their electrons down the electron transport chain to produce _____
NADH, FADH2, ATP
Each NADH can produce up to _____ ATP
3
Each FADH can produce up to ____ ATP
2
What is the final acceptor in the electron transport chain?
1/2 O2
True or false: movement of electrons down the ETC leads to movement of H+ in the matrix
FALSE, H+ ions move OUT of the matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation regenerates NAD+ so that ________ and ________ ________ can continue
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
True or false: Chemiosmosis occurs in only cell respiration
FALSE, also photosynthesis
The coupling of the movement of electrons down the ETC with the formation of ATP using the driving force provided by the proton gradient is also known as…
chemiosmosis
The enzyme that is responsible for using protons to produce ATP from ADP is…
ATP synthase
Fermentation is the process that regenerates what?
NAD+, so that glycolysis can begin again
When does fermentation occur?
During he absence of oxygen
Fermantation begins with _________ (2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH are produced from 1 glucose molecule).
glycolysis
Due to the lack of oxygen, the oxygen can not accept the electron energy on the chain, there is a shortage of _______ which prevents glycolysis from happening
NAD+
Occurs in fungi, yeast, and bacteria
Alcohol fermenation, causes conversion of pyruvate to ethanol
Causes conversion of pyruvate to lactate is what type of fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation; occurs in human and animal muscle cells, oxygen runs low in muscle cells
Reactants in photosynthesis
H2O + CO2 + light
Products of photosynthesis
O2 + glucose + H2O
Photosynthesis uses energy from _______ to generate ________
light, sugar
Where does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplasts
Where do light reactions occur?
Thylakoid
Where does the calvin cycle occur?
stroma of chloroplast
Self- nourishing organism that is also known as a producer(plants) is known as…
an autotroph
Organisms that must consume other organisms are known as…
heterotrophs
The loss of water via evaporation through the stomata is what process?
Transpiration
ATP is made during _______ reactions during photophosphorylation.
light
Process where water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms( light reactions)
photolysis
Where does CO2 enter the plant?
stomata, water vapor and oxygen also leave
A __________ is a molecule that aborbs light from a certain wavelength
pigment
Effectivness of an enzyme is determined by what 3 things?
- the temp
- pH
- concetation of substrate + enzyme
During competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the _________ ___________, leaving the __________ from attacthing
active site, substrate
An inhibitor molecules binds to a DIFFERENT part of an enzyme, causing chnage of shape of the active site, no longer interacts with substrate
noncompetitive inhibition
Movement of energy comes from the ____________ of _____________ and ___________ reactions
coupling, endergonic, exergonic
Reactions where energy is absorbed, G>0
endergonic reactions
Reactions where energy is relased, G<0
exergonic reactions
Constant change of energy is controlled through ___________ pathways
metabolic ( series of reactions to produce/change a molecule)
What reactant goes into the Krebs Cycle?
acetyl CoA
The Calvin Cycle produces simple ________ from _________ __________
sugars, carbon dioxide
Catabolism
break down
Anabolism
to build
What are the producs of light reactions of photosynthesis that are used in the calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
True or False: Enzymes incease the rate of reactions by increasing the activation barrier
FALSE, lowering activaton barrier
