Unit 4 - Bioenergetics - Respiration Flashcards
what type of process is respiration?
a cellular process
define cellular process
a process that takes place continuously inside ALL living cells
what type of reaction is respiration
exothermic reaction
what are the two types of respiration
- aerobic = with oxygen (in mitochondria)
- anaerobic = without oxygen
word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water + energy
symbol equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
where does the glucose used in respiration come from?
for animals: food (main source is carbohydrates)
for plants: photosynthesis
where does the oxygen used in respiration come from?
for animals: the air via gas exchange
for plants: from photosynthesis
what happens to the carbon dioxide produced during respiration?
it is releases into the air via gas exchange
what happens to the water produced during respiration?
coulr be lost in evaporation/transpiration
excreted in urine
where does aerobic respiration take place?
in the mitochondria of the cell
why does the mitochondria have a highly folded inner membrane?
it increases its surface area for aerobic respiration
draw and label an animal cell
draw and label a plant cell
what is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
anaerobic respiration releases much less energy than aerobic, as oxidation is incomplete
How can anaerobic respiration be represented as in muscle cells in animals?
lactic acid fermentation
symbol equation for lactic acid fermentation
C6H12O6 —-> 2C3H6O3 + Energy
word equation for lactic acid fermentation
glucose —> lactic acid + energy (150kJ)
What is anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells
alcoholic fermentation
symbol equation for alcoholic fermentation
C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy
word equation for alcoholic fermentation
glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy (210kJ)
what is the body’s response to exercise?
- increases sweating
- muscles are contracting more
- breath volume increases
- breathing rate increases
- heart rate increases (BPM)
describe what happens when the muscles are contracting more
Muscles are contracting more
Muscle cells need more energy
Rate of aerobic respiration increases
More oxygen and glucose needed for aerobic respiration
(more CO2 needs to be removed)
describe what happens when the heart rate increases
Increases blood flow
More blood to muscle cells
More oxygen and glucose go to the cells, faster
Carbon dioxide is removed faster
describe what happens when breathing rate increases
More oxygen is diffusing into the blood
More carbon dioxide is diffusing out of the blood
This leads to increases supply of oxygen, faster
describe what happens when breath volume increases (breathing more deeply)
We use a greater surface are for gas exchange
This leads to increases supply of oxygen, faster
what happens overall when exercising?
we release more energy
what happens during intense exercise
Anaerobic respiration
Insufficient oxygen to maintain aerobic conditions, so anaerobic respiration takes place
This leads to:
* lactic acid formed = toxic
* muscle fatigue
* muscles can no longer contract efficiently
what happens to lactic acid during intense exercise?
Lactic acid needs to be broken down quickly and it requires oxygen
It is transported in blood to the liver.
So, after exercise, heart and breathing rate remains high to provide enough oxygen to break down the lactic acid.
what is oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen the body need after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from cells
define metabolism
all the chemical reactions that take place in a cell/whole organism
what are metabolic process controlled by?
enzymes
what do metabolic processes involve?
Building large molecules from smaller molecules (anabolism)
Breaking down large molecules into smalled molecules (catabolism
List the key metabolic processes, and name if they break down or build up
- Respiration (breaking down)
- Photosynthesis (building up)
- Digestion (breaking down)
- DNA replication (building up)
- Protein synthesis (building up)
- Making lipids from fatty acids + glycerol (building up)
- Making starch and cellulose from glucose (building up)
What does the liver do?
- Breakdown of ethanol in alcoholic drinks to less toxic components
- Breakdown of excess amino acids into urea which can be excreted by the kidneys
- Breakdown of old red blood cells (produces bile pigments)
- Production of bile to be used in digestion for the emulsification of lipids
- Regulation of blood glucose (formation of glycogen from glucose)
- Breakdown of lactic acids (from anaerobic respiration) into carbon dioxide and water.
