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Year 12 VCE Psychology > Unit 4: Area of Study 1 - How is Wellbeing Developed and Maintained? > Flashcards

Unit 4: Area of Study 1 - How is Wellbeing Developed and Maintained? Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Is our awareness of objects and events in the external world, and of our sensations, mental experiences and own existence at any given moment

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2
Q

Psychological Construct

A

Is a concept that describes specific Psychological activity, or a pattern of activity that is believed to exist but cannot be directly observed

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3
Q

Continuum of Awareness (From bottom to top)

A
  • Total lack of awareness
  • Coma
  • Anaesthetised
  • Asleep
  • Hypnotised
  • Meditative state
  • Daydreaming
  • Normal wakefulness
  • Focused attention
  • Total awareness
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4
Q

Normal Waking Consciousness

A

Is a state of Consciousness where individuals are aware of their thoughts and feelings and of sensations they are experiencing from the environment

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5
Q

Characteristics of Normal Waking Consciousness (List 2)

A
  • Attention is focused
  • The individual has a sense of time
  • Uncontrolled bodily processes operate as usual
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6
Q

Altered States of Consciousness

A

Is any other state other than the ordinary, normal waking Consciousness

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7
Q

Characteristics of Altered States of Consciousness (List 2)

A
  • Perceptual and Cognitive Distortions
  • Disturbed sense of time
  • Heightened or supressed emotions
  • Increased or decreased Physiological Changes
  • Changes in self-control
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8
Q

Naturally Occurring State of Consciousness

A

Is a state of Consciousness that occurs as part of the Natural Daily Cycle, such as sleep and dreaming

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9
Q

Induced State of Consciousness

A

Is an altered state of Consciousness that does not naturally occur

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10
Q

Attention

A

Is the process where we selectively focus on and respond to certain environment stimuli, while ignoring other stimuli

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11
Q

Selective Attention

A

Involves choosing and attending to a specific stimulus, whilst excluding others

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12
Q

Divided Attention

A

Is the ability to distribute our attention and undertake two or more activities simultaneously

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13
Q

Brain Waves Associated with Different States of Consciousness

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Delta
  • Theta
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14
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Are Medium Amplitude, relatively High-Frequency Brain Wave patterns

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15
Q

When do Alpha Brain Waves occur? (List 2)

A
  • Relaxed
  • Light meditation
  • Daydreaming
  • Drowsiness
  • Hypnosis
  • NREM Stage 1
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16
Q

Frequency of Alpha Waves

A

8-12Hz

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17
Q

Beta Waves

A

Are Low-Amplitude, High-Frequency Brain Wave Patterns

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18
Q

When do Beta Brain Waves occur? (List 2)

A
  • Normal waking consciousness
  • Alert
  • Engaged in active thought
  • Focused attention
  • REM sleep
  • Stressed
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19
Q

Frequency of Beta Waves

A

12-40Hz

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20
Q

Delta Waves

A

Are the slowest Brain Waves of Low Frequency and High Amplitude

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21
Q

When do Delta Brain Waves occur? (List 2)

A
  • Sleeping
  • Deep sleep
  • NREM Stages 3-4
  • Anaesthetised
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22
Q

Frequency of Delta Waves

A

1-4Hz

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23
Q

Methods of Measuring Physiological Responses

A
  • EEG
  • EMG
  • EOG
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24
Q

EEG

A

Is a device that uses surface electrodes, attached to the scalp to detect and amplify the electrical impulses produced by Neurons activated within the Brain

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25
Q

Advantages of the EEG (List 2)

A
  • It is a reliable source for determining abnormal Brain activity
  • It is a reliable source for monitoring change within a state of consciousness, such as sleep stages
  • It is useful in providing general information about Brain activity in real time without being invasive
  • It helps to diagnose conditions such as Brain Damage and Epilepsy
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26
Q

Disadvantages of the EEG (List 2)

A
  • It poorly measures Neural Activity that occurs below the Cortex
  • It does not provide detailed information about which particular structures of the Brain are activated and what their specific functions might be, especially below the Cortex
  • Since there are multiple Electrodes positioned across the Brain, it can be difficult to pinpoint exactly where in the Brain the activity is coming from
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27
Q

EMG

A

Is a device that is used in sleep laboratories that measures muscles tension and the electrical activity of the muscles

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28
Q

EOG

A

Is a device that is used in sleep laboratories that uses Electrodes attached to the face to measure eye movements

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29
Q

Drug

A

Is any substance which when taken into the body alters the body’s function Physiologically and/or Psychologically

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30
Q

Types of Drugs

A
  • Stimulants

- Depressants

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31
Q

Stimulants

A

Are a category of Drugs that increase the activity in the Central Nervous System and the rest of the body

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32
Q

Effects of Stimulants (List 2)

A
  • Increased Heart Rate
  • Increased Blood Pressure
  • Increased Respiration Rate
  • Increased Body Temperature
  • Increased Electrical Activity in the Brain
  • Increased Alertness
  • Altered attention
  • Altered emotional awareness
  • Altered memory
  • Altered judgement
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33
Q

Examples of Stimulants (List 2)

A
  • Caffeine
  • Nicotine
  • Amphetamines
  • Cocaine
  • Ecstasy
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34
Q

Depressants

A

Are a category of Drugs that calm the body and slows down Nervous System and Brain activity

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35
Q

Effects of Depressants (List 2)

A
  • Reduced Heart Rate
  • Reduced Breathing Rate
  • Calms the body
  • Drowsiness
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36
Q

Examples of Depressants (List 2)

A
  • Sleeping pills
  • Heroin
  • Morphine
  • Codeine
  • Alcohol
  • Marijuana
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37
Q

Brain Wave Patterns Under the Effect of Stimulants

A

There is an increase of Beta Wave activity and decreased Alpha, Delta and Theta activity

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38
Q

Brain Wave Patterns Under the Effect of Depressants

A

There is a decrease in Beta Wave activity and an increase in Alpha, Delta and Theta activity

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39
Q

Measurement of Speed on Cognitive Tasks

A

The measurement of speed involves the reaction time to a Stimulus, which is measured in milliseconds

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40
Q

Measurement of Accuracy on Cognitive Tasks

A

The measurement of accuracy involves the number of correct and incorrect responses made by the individual, which is calculated by the proportions of correct and incorrect responses in relation to the total number of possible responses

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41
Q

Sleep Diaries

A

Is a daily log that can be used to record an individual’s sleep-wake pattern, with information such as the time a person tries to fall asleep and the time they wake up in the morning, over a period of one or more weeks

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42
Q

Video Monitoring

A

Is when video cameras are used to record externally observable or hearable Physiological responses of an individual during the night

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43
Q

Controlled Process

A

Are procedures that need higher levels of awareness and our ability to focus, pay attention and concentration

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44
Q

Example of a Controlled Process

A

Driving a car for the first time and there is the need to focus on the steering, accelerator and brakes, whilst also monitoring the surrounding all at the same time

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45
Q

Automatic Process

A

Are actions that require little Conscious effort and minimal attention, lower level of awareness and can be performed at the same time as other activities

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46
Q

Example of a Automatic Process

A

An experienced driver can usually reverse-park more quickly than a learner driver

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47
Q

Perceptual Distortions

A

Is a feature of Altered States of Consciousness where sensations and emotions are either experienced as stronger and more vivid or are suppressed an blurred

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48
Q

Cognitive Distortions

A

Are thought patterns that cause individuals to perceive reality inaccurately

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49
Q

Emotional Awareness

A

Is the ability to recognise one’s own and other people’s emotions, to discriminate between different feelings and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behaviour

50
Q

Self-Control

A

Is the ability to knowingly and voluntarily direct our own actions and in altered states of consciousness are more open to suggestion and our actions can be influenced or controlled by others

51
Q

Time Orientation

A

Is the ability to perceive the passage of time. During Normal Waking Consciousness, we experience the normal progression of time and are aware of the past, present and future whereas in Altered States of Consciousness experience a blurred perception of time with it either appearing to slow down or speed up

52
Q

Research Findings of Comparing the Effects of One Night of Full Sleep Deprivation vs Legal BAC

A

Performance on the tasks decreased significantly in both experimental conditions. Statistical analysis led Dawson and Reid to conclude that the effects
of moderate sleep deprivation (i.e. 24 hours) on
performance are similar to moderate alcohol intoxication (i.e. 0.05%). Furthermore, the results showed that the performance impairment effects of moderate sleep deprivation are equivalent to or greater than the level of alcohol that is deemed
legally unacceptable when driving, working and/or operating dangerous machinery

53
Q

Sleep

A

Is an altered state of Consciousness marked by reduced Metabolism and lowed Consciousness. Sleep consists of different stages, each of which can be distinguished by Brain Wave Patterns, the presence or absence of Rapid Eye Movement and changes in breathing, body temperature and muscle tone

54
Q

Distinguishing Features of Sleep

A
  • Reversibility
  • Perceptual Disengagement,
  • Unresponsiveness
  • Circadian Rhythms
  • Ultradian Rhythms
55
Q

Reversibility

A

Is how a a sleeper can always be awoken with a strong enough stimulus, such as noise or bodily force, and therefore ‘reverse back’ to the waking state quite quickly

56
Q

Perceptual Disengagement

A

Refers to how the
sleeper has no awareness of the sights, sounds, smells
and other sensory stimuli in their external environment
of which they are usually conscious in the waking state.

57
Q

Unresponsiveness

A

Is how a strong enough Stimuli is presented to the sleeper, they do not perceive it the same way as an awake person

58
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Are Biological Cycles that involves changes in bodily functions about every 24 hours, such as the Sleep-Wake Cycle

59
Q

Circadian Rhythms: Biological Clock (SCN)

A

This regulates the timing and activity of the sleep-wake cycle, as well as other Circadian Rhythms

60
Q

Circadian Rhythms: Melatonin

A

Is a naturally occurring Hormone in the body that triggers the onset of sleep

61
Q

Ultradian Rhythms

A

Are Biological Cycles that involves changes in bodily functions as part of a cycle with a duration of less than 24 hours, such as hunger and a heartbeat

62
Q

NREM Sleep

A

Are the stages of sleep that are not associated with rapid eye movements, which contain little dreaming, which means that the individual is unable to move

63
Q

Characteristics of NREM Sleep (List 2)

A
  • Reduction in Physiological Activity
  • Brain Waves get slower and bigger
  • Breathing Rate slows down
  • Heart Rate slows down
  • Blood Pressure drops
64
Q

REM Sleep

A

Is a stage during the sleep cycle in which electrical brain activity has low voltage patterns and the eyeballs quickly move beneath the closed eyelids, and the body is relaxed and most of the time dreaming occurs

65
Q

Characteristics of REM Sleep (List 2)

A
  • Heart Rate is faster and more irregular
  • Blood Pressure rises
  • Breathing Rate is shallower, faster and more irregular
  • Occasional twitching movements in the small muscles in the face, fingers and toes
66
Q

Restoration Theory

A

Is a theory that proposes that the purpose of sleep is to allow the body and the Nervous System to grow and repair any damage that may have occurred to tissues during the day

67
Q

Purpose of the Restoration Theory

A

It allows the body for the body to recover by replenishing the resources that have been used up during the day

68
Q

Functions of the Restoration Theory (List 2)

A
  • Restores and repairs the body
  • Aids physical growth and tissue repair
  • Helps the body recover from the effects of fatigue
  • Helps Brain development that occurs in the early stages of the lifespan
  • Maintains Brain Circuits
  • Consolidates new memories
69
Q

Evidence Basis of the Restoration Theory

A

An experiment with people found improved performance when REM sleep occurred after learning
a particular motor task, such as pressing a key on a keyboard after visually locating an object hidden in
a textured background

70
Q

Evolutionary (Circadian) Theory

A

Is a theory that proposes that Organisms sleep to conserve energy and protect themselves during the most dangerous times of the day, when they are most vulnerable

71
Q

Evidence Basis of the Evolutionary (Circadian) Theory

A

There is sequential pattern that demonstrates that the energy requirements of animals and the number of predators correlates with sleep requirements

72
Q

Sleep Patterns of Babies

A

Need 16 hours of sleep per day

73
Q

Sleep Patterns of Children

A
  • 12-13 hours of sleep per day
         or
  • 10-12 hours of sleep per day
74
Q

Sleep Patterns of Adolescents

A

Need between 9-10 hours of sleep

75
Q

Sleep Patterns of Adults

A

Need approximately 8 hours of sleep

76
Q

Sleep Patterns of the Elderly

A

Need between 5-7 hours of sleep

77
Q

REM Sleep of Babies

A

50%

78
Q

NREM Sleep of Babies

A

50%

79
Q

REM Sleep of Adolescents

A

20%

80
Q

NREM Sleep of Adolescents

A

80%

81
Q

REM Sleep of Adults

A

20%

82
Q

NREM Sleep of Adults

A

80%

83
Q

REM Sleep of the Elderly

A

15%

84
Q

NREM Sleep of the Elderly

A

85%

85
Q

Sleep Disturbances

A

Is a term that is used to refer to any sleep-related problem that disrupts an individual’s normal Sleep-Wake Cycle

86
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Are Sleep Disorders that make it difficult for people to get to sleep, staying asleep and/or timing sleep

87
Q

Insomnia

A

Is a Sleep Disorder where individuals have a persistent problem with falling or staying asleep, which means that they do not feel rested during the day and experience excessive tiredness

88
Q

Type of Dyssomnia: Sleep-Onset Insomnia

A

Is a term that is used to refer specifically to a Sleep Disorder by which people have persistent troubles falling asleep at the usual sleep time

89
Q

Key Symptoms of Sleep Onset Insomnia (List 3)

A
  • There is regular failure to fall asleep within about 20-30 minutes after intending to go to sleep
  • There are complaints of poor quality sleep that does not leave the individual rested upon awakening
  • The sleep difficulty occurs t least 3 nights a week
  • The sleep difficulty is experience for at least 3 months
  • The sleep difficulty occurs dispute adequate opportunity to sleep
  • The sleep difficulty does not occur in the course of another sleep disorder and is not due to another disorder or the effects of a substance
  • The difficulty falling asleep causes significant impairment in behaviour or important areas of everyday functions, such as at school or work
90
Q

Effects of Sleep Onset Insomnia on the Sleep-Wake Cycle (List 3)

A
  • There are changes in the amount, restfulness and timing of sleep
  • The Sleep Onset tends to occur much later than desired
  • Sleep tends to be non restful
  • The total sleep time may be less than desired
  • There is excessive daytime sleepiness
  • There is difficulty waking up in the morning
  • There is continually delayed Sleep Onset that may disrupt the Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycle to the extent that a delayed Sleep Phase Disorder develops
91
Q

Parasomnia

A

Are Sleep Disorders that are characterised by the interference between sleep and waking sensations that may impair sleep continuance

92
Q

Type of Parasomnia: Sleep Walking

A

Is a Sleep Disorder that occurs when an individual rises from bed and walks around or performs other actions while in deep sleep (NREM Stages 3 or 4)

93
Q

Characteristics of Sleep Walking (List 3)

A
  • The level of activity varies
  • Most walkers engage in low complexity tasks
  • The episode ends on its own if the sleep walker is left alone
  • The sleep walker’s eyes are usually open with a ‘blank stare’ o
  • The sleep walker’s movements often occur in a confused of clumsy manner
  • The sleep walker tends to walk towards a stimulus such as light or noise when then arise from bed
  • Sleep walkers may engage in well-learnt activities such as eating or getting dressed
  • Episodes may occur 3 or 4 times a week and only last a few minutes, and rarely beyond 15 minutes
  • Sleep walkers have little awareness of what is goin on during an episode and when it is over, they have very little memory of what they did, if anything at all
94
Q

Effects of Sleep Walking on the Sleep-Wake Cycle (List 1)

A
  • Sometimes, the sleep walker may not be able to quickly go back to sleep after an episode
  • The individual loses deep sleep and the sleep episode will be fragmented
  • There is a loss of deep sleep, resulting in a sleep episode not being as restful as usual, which will make the individual more tired than usual during the day
95
Q

Circadian Rhythm Phase Disorders

A

Are a group of Sleep Disorder that involve sleep disruption that is mainly die to a mismatch between an individual’s Sleep-Wake Pattern and the Pattern that is required

96
Q

Type of Circadian Rhythm Phase Disorder: Sleep-Wake Cycle Shift in Adolescence

A
  • This type of Sleep-Wake Cycle Shift is called a Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder
  • Adolescents need about 9.25 hours of sleep a night, however adolescents between 13-19 years of age seem to get much less sleep
  • Around puberty is when a characteristic of sleep patterns tend to take place
  • Adolescents stay up much later because they feel sleepy later. This leads to difficulty waking up in the morning
  • Adolescents tend to make up for their sleep debt over the weekends
  • A hormonally induced shift of the Sleep-Wake Cycle pushes it forward by about 1-2 hours
  • Melatonin secretion that induces sleep occurs later in the 24-Hour Cycle, and makes Adolescents sleepier 1-2 hours later. This is know as the Sleep-Wake Cycle Shift
  • At the age of 20, the Sleep-Wake Cycles go back to normal
97
Q

Insufficient Sleep in Adolescence

A
  • Affects the ability to concentrate, think and learn
  • Causes excessive sleepiness
  • Leads to inattention and mentally ‘drifting off’ in class
  • Leads to problems staying motivated to complete classwork
  • Causes lethargy
  • Leads to difficulty with mood regulation
  • Leads to difficulty with behaviour control
98
Q

Sleep Debt

A

Is when daily sleep requirements have not been met and sleep is owed so it needs to be made up. Sleep debt does not continue to build up until it is repaired

99
Q

Psychological Factors of the Sleep-Wake Cycle Shift in Adolescence

A

Adolescents like to exert their independence

100
Q

Social Factors of the Sleep-Wake Cycle Shift in Adolescence

A
  • They have school and work demands

- They see sleep as a low priority

101
Q

Type of Circadian Rhythm Phase Disorder: Shift Work

A
  • Humans are not nocturnal creatures, therefore night shift workers tent to have more problems with the quality and quantity of sleep
  • Generally, they sleep between 1-4 hours less than the average person and tend to sleep twice a day
  • They find it hard to fall asleep and stay asleep during the day
  • Sleep loss and Circadian Rhythm disruption represent the main causes of sleepiness
  • Sleep Debt is accumulated as they juggle work and lifestyle demands
  • We adapt more quickly when assigned to later shifts rather than earlier shifts
  • Excessive sleepiness may lead to impaired performance, which can lead to problems with safety
  • Rotating rosters leads to a higher frequency of sleep disturbances, compared to fixed rosters
  • If an individuals experiences excessive sleepiness, they are likely to have Shift Work Sleep Disorder
102
Q

Type of Circadian Rhythm Phase Disorder: Jet Lag

A
  • Is a Sleep Disorder that occurs due to the disturbance to the Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycle that is caused by rapid travel across multiple time zones
  • It is a Sleep Disorder because changing time zones leads to a mismatch between the internal Circadian Biological Clock and the external environment
  • Sleep Wake Cycle disturbances reduce after 2-3 days after arriving at the destination
  • Jet Lag is less disruptive when we travel in a westerly direction, since there is less of a mismatch between our Biological Clock and the Day-Night Cycle
  • Easterly travel shortens the Sleep-Wake Cycle and is called Phase-Advance and therefore lengthens the day
  • Westerly travel results in Phase-Delay
  • To overcome Jet Lag, an individual needs to adjust to a ‘new’ time and should start to change their eating, sleeping and other behaviour patterns to accord with the destination time routes
103
Q

Effects of Jet Lag

A
  • Sleep problems
  • Feeling unwell
  • Having more difficulty functioning than normal
  • There is a greater number of arousals and a greater percentage of NREM Stage 1 sleep during the first 2-3 sleep episodes after arrival
  • The second half of the sleep episode is more severely disrupted
104
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

Is a lack of sleep that leads to lethargy, irritability, loss of concentration, REM rebound, headaches and difficulty completing low-level boring tasks

105
Q

Total Sleep Deprivation

A

Involves not having any sleep over a short-term or long-period, and the individual stays awake for one or more days of weeks

106
Q

Effects of Sleep Deprivation (List 4)

A
  • Irritability
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Memory lapses
  • Memory loss
  • Impaired moral judgement
  • Severe yawning
  • Hallucinations
  • Symptoms similar to ADHD
  • Impaired Immune System
  • Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
  • Increased Heart Rate
  • Risk of Heart Disease
  • Increase reaction time
  • Decreased accuracy
  • Tremors
  • Aches
  • Growth suppression
  • Risk of obesity
  • Decreased body temperature
107
Q

Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation (List 2)

A
  • Loss of personal identity
  • Difficulty coping
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Hypertension
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
108
Q

Effect of Partial Sleep Deprivation: Affective Functioning (Amplified Emotional Responses)

A
  • There is a link between Sleep Deprivation and mood change
  • There are also links between emotional functioning and how Sleep Deprivation can interfere with emotional regulation and reactivity
  • Additionally, there is a strong link between low amounts of sleep and the ability to control our emotions, resulting in our emotional reactions being too quick, more intense or exaggerated than usual
  • Sleep loss compromises the Brain’s ability to process emotional information, make accurate emotional perceptions and how we emotionally respond
  • Loss of sleep makes it harder for individuals to accurately judge other people’s emotions and reactions, which makes us more prone to unwarranted emotional outbursts
  • When we haven’t slept well, our emotional response threshold can be lowered, increasing our emotional reactivity, making us more likely to overreact to neutral events
  • Sleep loss can also effect our ability to sort out important information from unimportant information leading to poor judgements being made
109
Q

Sleep Inertia

A

Is a sleep-to-wake transition effect that is characterised by grogginess, low alertness and disorientation that can interfere with Behavioural and Cognitive functioning

  • Sleep Inertia is the strongest at the wake tome but decays rapidly after
  • Sleep Inertia can interfere with the ability to perform a wide range of Behavioural and Cognitive tasks, including the simplest everyday actions
  • Motor and Cognitive functions are not at their full capacity during Sleep Inertia, meaning that performing tasks that require full alertness can compromise the individual’s safety
  • Waking during NREM Stages 3 and 4 produces more Sleep Inertia than waking during NREM Stages 1 or 2
  • Waking during REM sleep produces more Sleep Inertia
  • Sleep Inertia may also be experienced after a short nap
  • Sleep Inertia tends to last longer when a person has been sleep deprived, compared to an individual who has no deprivation
110
Q

Effect of Partial Sleep Deprivation: Behavioural Functioning

A
  • An immediate effect on behavioural functioning can be Sleep Inertia
  • Sleep Deprivation causes excessive sleepiness during normal waking time, which is usually during the day (except those who are usually awake at night, such as shift workers)
  • Fatigue is a common symptom
  • Behaviour problems at home (naughtiness)
  • Poorer teacher rated inattentiveness by students in class
  • Poorer teacher rated social functioning by school children
  • School lateness and absenteeism
  • Low participation rate extracurricular activities at school
  • Reduced speed and accuracy
  • Reduced motor coordination
111
Q

Effects of Sleep Inetria

A
  • Reaction time tends to be slow

- Individuals perform below their normal standards

112
Q

Effects of Fatigue (List 2)

A
  • Drowsiness
  • Difficulty maintaining concentration
  • Reduced Awareness
  • Reduces our efficiency, which tends to us taking longer to finish tasks
  • Reduced reaction times
113
Q

Microsleep

A

Is a short period of drowsiness or sleeping that intrudes into the waking state. This is usually the effect of sleep deprivation

114
Q

Characteristics of Microsleep (List 2)

A
  • Lasts between 1-10 seconds
  • The person is in a fixed gaze
  • The individual has a blank expression of their face
  • The individual does not blink
  • The person remains sitting or standing and becomes less responsive to external Stimuli
  • The person may have no recollection of what happened during their microsleep, but may be aware of a lapse in concentration when they wake up
115
Q

Effect of Partial Sleep Deprivation: Cognitive Functioning

A
  • A relatively small amount of Sleep Deprivation can adversely affect attention
  • Excessive sleepiness due to Sleep Deprivation tends to reduce alertness and our ability to stay focused on a task
  • With prolonged sleep deprivation, individuals tend to experience lapses in selective attention and the reduced ability to divide attention onto tasks that require simultaneous attention to multiple sources of information
  • Tasks often begin well, but performance tends to deteriorate as the duration of the task increases
  • The greater the Sleep Deprivation, the more likely it is that attention will be implemented and that errors associated with the loss of attention will increase. This is more likely when a task lacks interest or complexity
  • Sleep Deprivation may impair various learning and memory processes. Generally, Sleep-Deprived individuals tend to perform worse on learning and memory tasks, compared to well-rested individuals, especially when Sleep Deprivation is prolonged
  • The deterioration in Cognitive Functioning from prolonged partial Sleep Deprivation has further implications for Shift Workers in jobs with significant responsibility for the health and wellbeing of others
116
Q

Interventions to Treat Sleep Disorders

A
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
  • Stimulus Control Therapy (SCT)
  • Bright Light Therapy
117
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A
  • Is a therapeutic approach that uses Cognitive exercises to teach patients adaptive strategies to help strengthen their ability to think clearly
  • The aim of this therapy is to help individuals to identify and replace thoughts and behaviours that cause or worsen their Insomnia with thoughts and behaviours that minimise the likelihood of their Insomnia and promote good sleep
  • A CBT programme is made up of 8-10 sessions, which helps the individual understand the Sleep-Wake Cycle, Insomnia and factors that cause and maintain Insomnia. The individual may complete a Sleep Diary as they learn and apply the various CBT strategies, which enables improvements to be monitored and assessed
118
Q

Cognitive Component of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A
  • The individual is assisted to recognise and change inappropriate or dysfunctional attitudes, beliefs and other thought about their sleep. This may involve Anxiety of preoccupation with Sleep Difficulty and learning to control or eliminate worries and negative thoughts that prevent Sleep Onset
  • After Dysfunctional Thinking is identified, alternative interpretations of what is making the person anxious or causing concern about sleep are offered, so they can think about their Insomnia in a different way
  • In appraising the situation more accurately, realistically and positively rather than negatively, the individual does not place unnecessary pressure on themselves to fall asleep, is lass aroused, and is less likely to behave in ways that impair sleep
119
Q

Behavioural Component of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A
  • Helps the individual develop good sleep habits and avoid behaviours that prevent them from sleeping well. This can be done by Stimulus Control Therapy and Sleep Hygiene Education
120
Q

Stimulus Control Therapy

A

Is a behavioural therapy for people with Insomnia that aims to strengthen the bed and bedroom as cues for sleep, to weaken them as cues for behaviours that are incompatible
with sleep, and to establish a regular Sleep–Wake
schedule that is consistent with the Circadian Sleep–Wake Cycle

121
Q

Sleep Hygiene Education

A

Is providing information about practices that tend to improve and maintain good sleep and full daytime alertness

Year 12 VCE Psychology (4 decks)

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