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y12 psych > Unit 4 AOS 2 > Flashcards

Unit 4 AOS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Wellbeing

A

A state in which an individual is mentally, physically and socially healthy and secure

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2
Q

Mental wellbeing

A

An individual’s psychological state, including their ability to think, process information and regulate emotions

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3
Q

Mental wellbeing continuum

A

A tool used to track fluctuating mental health that can be used to help decrease stigma

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4
Q

What are the 3 levels of mental wellbeing?

A

High, moderate and low levels

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5
Q

Give 4 characteristics of high levels of mental wellbeing

A
  • able to function independently in daily life
  • able to cope with everyday demands without showing excessive levels of stress and dysfunction
  • able to seek solutions to problems rather than avoiding them
  • able to regulate express emotions appropriately
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6
Q

Give 4 characteristics of moderate levels of mental wellbeing

A
  • Experiences less severe and more temporary effects than compared to those with low levels of mental wellbeing
  • experiences a temporary impact on mental wellbeing
  • experiences lack of ability to function at optimal level
  • more likely to experience irrational thought patterns
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7
Q

Give 4 characteristics of low levels of mental wellbeing

A
  • high levels of distress
  • impacted for an extended period of time
  • lack of ability to complete daily tasks independenlty
  • may be diagnosed or receiving treatment by mental health professional
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8
Q

List the 2 types of influencing factors on mental wellbeing

A

Internal & External

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9
Q

Define internal influencing factors and give 2 examples

A

Factors arising from within an individual
e.g. thought patterns & genetic predisposition

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10
Q

Define external influencing factors and give 2 examples

A

Factors arising from an individual’s environment
e.g. loss of loved ones & environmental pressure

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11
Q

What are protective factors for mental wellbeing?

A

Influences that enable an individual to promote and maintain high levels of mental wellbeing

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12
Q

List the 3 types of protective factors for mental wellbeing

A

Biological, psychological and social

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13
Q

Define biological protective factors for mental wellbeing

A

Refers to influences that stem from an individual’s brain.body that can maintain or promote mental wellbeing

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14
Q

Define psychological protective factors for mental wellbeing

A

Refers to influences that relate to mental processes that can maintain and promote mental wellbeing

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15
Q

Define social protective factors for mental wellbeing

A

Refers to influences that exist in an individual’s social environment that can maintain and promote mental wellbeing

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16
Q

List the 2 types of biological protective factors for mental wellbeing

A

Adequate nutrition and hydration, & sleep

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17
Q

Define and explain adequate nutrition and hydration as a biological protective factor for mental wellbeing

A
  • refers to when the type and amount of food and drink that an individual consumes meets their physical needs
  • research suggests to maintain a Mediterranean style diet high in fresh produce and drink 2-3 litres of water daily depending on differing individual needs in order to prevent the risk of mental health disorders
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18
Q

Define and explain sleep as a biological protective factor for mental wellbeing

A
  • a natural and regularly occurring altered state of consciousness that involves a loss of awareness and disengagement with internal and external stimuli
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19
Q

Explain the bi-directional relationship between adequate nutrition and hydration, and sleep, and mental wellbeing

A

Both can influence each other, for example good sleep can reduce risk of mental health disorders such as depression, and depression can also impair ability to get good sleep

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20
Q

List the 2 types of psychological protective factors for mental wellbeing

A

Cognitive behavioural strategies and mindfulness meditation

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21
Q

Explain cognitive behavioural strategies as a psychological protective factor for mental wellbeing

A

Techniques that utilize traits of cognitive behvioural therapy, particularly recognising and changing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviour patterns to prevent development of mental health disorders

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22
Q

Define mindfulness meditation as a psychological protective factor for mental wellbeing

A

The practice of meditation in which an individual focuses on their present experience to promote feelings of calm and peace

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23
Q

List 2 benefits of mindfulness meditation

A
  • reduced likelihood of rumination and stress
  • improved emotional reactivity and memory
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24
Q

List the 1 type of social protective factors for mental wellbeing

A

Support

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25
Q

Define support as a social protective factor for mental wellbeing

A

The genuine and effective assistance provided by family, friends and community

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26
Q

Give 3 examples of support as a social protective factor for mental wellbeing

A
  • providing unconditional love even when mistakes are made
  • regular catchups with loved ones to vent and bond
  • availability of support services and facilities
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27
Q

List the 3 ways to consideer mental wellbeing

A

Level of functioning, resilience, social and emotional wellbeing

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28
Q

Explain levels of functioning as a way to consider mental wellbeing

A

The degree to which an individual can complete daily tasks independently and effectively

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29
Q

List 3 characteristics of high levels of functioning as a way to consider mental wellbeing

A
  • ability to carry out daily tasks independently
  • ability to adapt to changes in the environment
  • ability to be productive
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30
Q

List 4 characteristics of low levels of functioning as a way to consider mental wellbeing

A
  • inability to carry out basic tasks
  • feel lethargic and tired and unproductive
  • lack direction and be unable to set goals in life
  • be unable to adapt to environmental changes
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31
Q

Explain resilience as a way to consider mental wellbeing

A

The ability to cope with and manage change and uncertainty, which can be taught and developed over time

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32
Q

List 4 characteristics of high levels of resilience as a way to consider mental wellbeing

A
  • ability to seek solutions to problems
  • ability to use appropriate coping strategies
  • be optimistic and hopeful
  • have high esteem and confidence increasing coping flexibility
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33
Q

List 4 characteristics of low levels of resilience as a way to consider mental wellbeing

A
  • experience enduring feelings of being overwhelmed during problems
  • increase of avoidance coping strategies
  • be unable to adapt to change
  • lack hope and optimism
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34
Q

Explain social and emotional wellbeing as a way to consider mental wellbeing

A

Social: The ability for an individual to form and maintain meaningful bonds with others and adapt to different social situations

Emotional: The ability of an individual to appropriately control and express their own emotions in an adaptive way as well as understand the emotions of others

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35
Q

List 2 characteristics of low levels of social and emotional wellbeing as a way to consider mental wellbeing

A

social:
- be isolated and lack support from others
- struggle to communicate effectively with others

Emotional:
- be unable to understand or name personal an other’s emotions
- express emotions inappropriately

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36
Q

List 2 characteristics of high levels of social and emotional wellbeing as a way to consider mental wellbeing

A

Social:
- have a strong support network
- be able to communicate effectively with others

emotional:
- be aware of personal and other’s current emotional states
- be able to express and regulate emotions appropriately

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37
Q

Define the SEWB framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities

A

A multidimensional and holistic framework that includes all elements of being and therefore wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

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38
Q

List the 7 dimensions of the SEWB framework `

A

Connection to:
- body
- mind and emotions
- family and kinship
- community
- culture
- Country
- Spirituality and ancestors

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39
Q

Explain the SEWB dimension Connection to body and give an example

A

Involves connecting to the physical body and health in order to participate fully in all aspects of life
e.g. maintaining a healthy weight

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40
Q

Explain the SEWB dimension Connection to mind and emotions and give an example

A

Involves the ability to effectively manage thoughts and feelings
e.g. having high levels of self confidence

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41
Q

Explain the SEWB dimension Connection to family and kinship and give an example

A

Involves connection to wider social systems, providing individual and families the ability to connect with and support each other
e.g. regularly spending time with family groups

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42
Q

Explain the SEWB dimension Connection to community and give an example

A

Involves a strong sense of identity, values, traditions and connections between the past, present and future that drives behaviours and beliefs
e.g. elders passing down traditions to future generations and speaking local languages

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43
Q

Explain the SEWB dimension Connection to Country and give an example

A

Involves the traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group, both geographically and the spiritual, emotional and intellectual connections to and within it
e.g. Aboriginal beliefs are firmly rooted to living and protecting their land

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44
Q

Explain the SEWB dimension Connection to Spirituality and Ancestors

A

Spirituality:
- The concept that connects all things and shapes beliefs values and behaviors, connecting Aboriginals to their ancestors, the past, present and future.

Ancestors:
- The belief that a family and community’s ancestors are interconnected with Creation spirits and Country and guide and protect families and communities in the physical and spiritual world

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45
Q

Explain the importance of the SEWB framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander wellbeing

A

Recognises that experience of wellbeing in Aboriginal and Indigenous communities is impacted by wider societal forces, and that their social and emotional wellbeing is impacted by social, historical and political factors.

46
Q

Define stress

A

Psychological and physiological experience that occurs when an individual encounters something of significance that demands their attention and efforts to cope

47
Q

Define anxiety

A

Psychological and physiological experience that involves feelings of worry and apprehension about a perceived threat

48
Q

Give 3 differences between stress and anxiety

A
  • Stress is a response to a known cause, while anxiety is typically due to an unknown stimuls, something in the future
  • Anxiety is only associated with negative feelings, while stress has positive (eustress) and negative (distress) types
  • anxiety is often broader than stress
49
Q

Give 5 similarities between stress and anxiety

A
  • Both are a normal part of daily life and don’t usually interrupt daily functioning
  • both are on the moderate to high level of mental wellbeing (unless the stress & anxiety is prolonged and persisitent)
  • both can be adaptive for functioning to a certain extent (e.g. stress before a SAC can encourage an individual to study for it)
50
Q

Define specific phobia

A

A type of diagnosable anxiety disorder that is categorised by excessive and disproportionate fear when encountering/anticipating the encounter of a particular stimulus

51
Q

List the 7 characteristics of specific phobia

A
  • excessive
  • irrational
  • persistent
  • distressing
  • response to a known stimulus
  • disrupts individual’s daily functioning
52
Q

Explain what evidence based interventions for specific phobia are

A

Interventions that have undergone rigid scientific testing and involve the combination of the best scientific evidence with expertise from practicing clinicians to provide the most effective service for individual needs

53
Q

List the 3 types of evidence based interventions for specific phobia

A

Biological, psychological and social

54
Q

Define biological interventions for specific phobia

A

Address the physiological aspect of phobias

55
Q

Define social interventions for specific phobia

A

Address the social and environmental causes of phobias

56
Q

Define psychological interventions for specific phobia

A

Address the mental processes which contribute to a specific phobia

57
Q

List the 2 types of biological interventions for specific phobia

A

Benzodiazepines and breathing retraining

58
Q

Define benzodiazepines as a biological intervention for specific phobia

A

A type of medication that depresses central nervous system activity and is often used as a short-acting anxiety medication.

It is a GABA agonist

59
Q

Explain how benzodiazepines can prevent the development of specific phobia

A

Benzodiazepines bind to GABA receptor sites and mimic the effects of GABA to increase the inhibitory response, which reduces the rapid excitatory communication between neurons in the fear response, relieving anxiety it causes and leading to muscle relaxation

60
Q

Explain what an agonist is

A

a type of drug that imitates neurotransmitters and works to initiate a neural response (excitatory or inhibitory) when it binds to the receptor sites of a neuron

61
Q

Explain how breathing retraining can prevent the development of specific phobia

A

It involves teaching an individual with the help of a professional to control their breathing and work on reducing fast breathing through deep, slow breaths and applying this technique to induce physiological relaxation to reduce phobic anxiety through parasympathetic responses

62
Q

Define breathing retraining as a biological intervention for specific phobia

A

A method used to teach breathing control techniques that may reduce physiological arousal

63
Q

List the 2 types of psychological interventions for specific phobia

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy and systematic desensitization

64
Q

Define cognitive behavioural therapy as a psychological intervention for specific phobia

A

A form of psychotherapy that encourages individuals to substitute dysfunctional cognitive and replaces them with more adaptive and healthier ones

65
Q

List the 2 components of cognitive behavioural therapy CBT

A

Cognitive and behavioural

66
Q

Explain the cognitive component of cognitive behavioural therapy as an intervention for the development of specific phobia & give an example

A

Involves identifying negative thoughts and feelings and replacing them with mroe positive ones

e.g. addressing memory bias and catastrophic thinking

67
Q

Explain the behavioural component of cognitive behavioural therapy as an intervention for the development of specific phobia & give an example

A

Involves identifying negative behaviours and developing and maintaining more positive behaviours relating to the issue

e.g. Addressing avoidance behaviours

68
Q

Explain how cognitive behavioural therapy can prevent the development of specific phobia

A

Therapists first work with patients to identify unhealthy cognitions and behaviours that may perpetuate their specific phobia and then work to replace these with healthier, more adaptive ones to reduce the development of specific phobia

69
Q

Define systematic desensitisation as a psychological intervention for specific phobia

A

A therapeutic technique used to overcome phobias, involving a patient being incrementally exposed to increasingly anxiety-inducing stimulus, combined with the use of relaxation techniques

70
Q

Explain how systematic desensitisation can prevent the development of specific phobia

A

It de-conditions the association between a phobic stimulus and fear by associating the phobic stimulus with relaxation

71
Q

Explain the 4 steps of systematic desensitisation

A
  1. Learning relaxation techniques that can be applied to reduce physiological arousal and anxiety involved in the fear response
  2. Developing a fear hierarchy, which involves creating a list of anxiety-inducing experiences due to the phobia listed in order of easiest to most difficult to confront
  3. Gradual step by step exposure, starting with the least to most anxiety inducing stimulus, pairing each with relaxation techniques and only moving onto the next stage when the phobic response is eliminated at each level
  4. Continuation of this incremental systematic exposure until the most fear-inducing stimulus can be faced without producing the phobic response
72
Q

Define psychotherapy as a social intervention for specific phobia

A

Involves teaching families and supporters of individuals with mental health disorders how to better understand, deal with and treat their disorders

73
Q

Explain the 2 ways how psychotherapy can act as an intervention in preventing specific phobia

A
  • Families and supporters are encouraged to discourage avoidance behaviours in order to prevent perpetuation of specific phobia
  • Families and supporters are encouraged to challenge unrealistic or anxious thoughts of individuals, which can help them understand that some cognitive components are potentially irrational, helping them recognise their dysfunctional thoughts.
74
Q

List the 3 types of contributing factors to specific phobia

A

Biological, psychological and social

75
Q

Define biological contributing factors to specific phobia

A

Internal, genetic and/or physiological based factors that can be innate or developed later on in life

76
Q

Define psychological contributing factors to specific phobia

A

Internal factors relating to an indiividual’s mental processes, including their cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs and attitudes

77
Q

Define social contributing factors to specific phobia

A

External factors relating to an individual’s interactions with them and their external environment, including their relationships with and involvement in community

78
Q

List the 2 types of biological contributing factors for specific phobia

A

GABA dysfunction and long term potentiation

79
Q

Define GABA dysfunction as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A

The insufficient neural transmission/reception of GABA in the body, which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, due to unhealthy and low levels of GABA production

80
Q

Explain the how GABA dysfunction can act as an contributing factor in developing specific phobia

A

Unhealthy levels of ABA can cause the stress response in some to be more easily triggered by certain stimuli, and this recurrent stress response to such stimuli can then lead to the development of specific phobia

81
Q

Define long term potentiation as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A

The long lasting and experience dependent strengthening of synaptic connections that are regularly co-activated

82
Q

Explain how long term potentiation can act as an contributing factor in developing specific phobia

A

Coactivation of the neural signals involved in perceiving a phobic stimulus and activating the stress response strengthens this association in memory and learning, therefore increasing the likelihood of a stress response reoccurring in presence of the phobic stimulus, leading to the development of specific phobia

83
Q

List the 3 types of psychological contributing factors for specific phobia

A

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning and cognitive biases

84
Q

Define classical conditioning as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A

A learning process consisting of three stages that involves the repeated association a neutral and unconditioned stimulus to produce a naturally occurring response

85
Q

Explain how classical conditioning can act as an contributing factor in developing specific phobia

A

NS = phobic stimulus
UCS = stimulus that naturally induces fear
CS = phobic stimulus
CR = phobic response

Classical conditioning precipitates the development of specific phobia.

Repeated association of phobic stimulus with a fear inducing stimulus results in the phobic stimulus producing a phobic response, leading to the development a specific phobia.

Research suggests that one association can result in specific phobia is situation is highly traumatic

86
Q

Define operant conditioning as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A

A learning process consisting of three stages where the consequence of a behaviour determines the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring

87
Q

Explain how operant conditioning can act as an contributing factor in developing specific phobia

A

Operant conditioning perpetuates the development of a specific phobia.

Antecedent = phobic stimulus
Behaviour = individual avoiding phobic stimulus
Consequence = negative reinforcement

The avoidance of the phobic stimulus leads to a person not having to deal with their phobic response, increasing the likelihood of this avoidance behaviour reoccurring and strengthening the development of specific phobia

88
Q

Define cognitive biases as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A

Predisposition to think about and process information a certain way

89
Q

List the 2 types of cognitive biases

A

Memory bias and catastrophic thinking

90
Q

Define memory bias as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A

A type of cognitive bias involving inaccurate or exaggerated memory

91
Q

Define catastrophic thinking as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A

A type of cognitive bias in which a stimulus or event is predicted to be far worse than it actually is

92
Q

Explain how memory bias can act as an contributing factor in developing specific phobia

A

People may inaccurately remember traumatic events leading to the phobia, such as by exaggerating it, which may justify their phobic fear and allow it to persist over time

93
Q

Explain how catastrophic thinking can act as an contributing factor in developing specific phobia

A

People may imagine the worst case scenario when imagining interaction with their phobic stimulus, which can justify their phobia to seem worthy of extreme fear and anxiety, allowing their specific phobia to persist over time

94
Q

List the 2 types of social contributing factors for specific phobia

A

Specific environmental triggers and stigma around seeking treatment

95
Q

Define specific environmental triggers as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A

Refers to stimuli or experiences in a person’s environment that evoke an extreme response, leading to the development of specific phobia

96
Q

Give 3 examples of specific environmental triggers as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A
  • direct confrontation with phobic stimulus
  • observing another person having direct confrontation with phobic stimulus and experiencing phobic response
  • learning about potentially dangerous or traumatic stimulus directly
97
Q

Define stigma around seeking treatment as a contributing factor to specific phobia

A

The feeling of shame or disgrace experienced by an individual for a characteristic that differentiates them from others

98
Q

Explain how stigma around seeking treatment can act as an contributing factor in developing specific phobia

A

Individuals tend to leave their phobias untreated due to embarrassment, worry or fear, which contributes to the development and maintenance of specific phobia as it is never cured or improved.

99
Q

Define precipitating factors

A

Factors that increase the susceptibility to and contribute to the occurrence of developing a specific phobia

100
Q

Define perpetuation factors

A

Factors that inhibit a person’s ability to recover from a specific phobia

101
Q

Define the biopsychosocial approach/model

A

A holistic, interdisciplinary framework to understanding the influence of biological, psychological and social factors on mental wellbeing

102
Q

Define phobic anxiety

A

Involves fast paced and often shallow breathing, sometimes causing hyperventilation and activation of other sympathetic nervous system responses in response to a phobic stimulus

103
Q

Define determinants of wellbeing

A

Factors that influence wellbeing on individual and community levels

104
Q

Define culture

A

A strong sense of identity, values, traditions and connections between the past, present and future that drives behaviours and beliefs

105
Q

List the 2 types of cultural determinants of wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

A

Cultural continuity and self determination

106
Q

Define cultural continuity as a cultural determinant of wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

A

The passing down and active practice of cultural knowledge, traditions and values from generation to generation

107
Q

Explain how cultural continuity helps promote wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

A

It enables communities to heal and form strong identities

108
Q

Define self determination as a cultural determinant of wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

A

The rights of all peoples to freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development without outside interference

109
Q

Explain how self determination helps promote wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

A

It requires Aboriginal and Torres Strait people to be involved in every layer of decision making that can impact their communities, states and the whole country `

110
Q

Give 3 examples of self determination

A
  • Aboriginal community controlled organizations
  • established partnerships between communities, governments and NGOs
  • constitutional recognition for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, allowing them to have equal opportunities
111
Q
A

y12 psych (6 decks)

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