Overall terms

Question 1

Define accuracy

Answer 1

relates to how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured

Question 2

define precision

Answer 2

refers to how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other, gives no indication of how close they are to the true value

Question 3

define repeatability

Answer 3

closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same quantity being measured, carried out under the same conditions of measurement. These conditions include the same measurement procedure, same observer, same measuring instrument used under the same conditions, same location and repetition over a short period of time.

Question 4

define reproducibility

Answer 4

closeness of the agreement between results of measurements of the same quantity being measured, carried out under changed conditions of measurement. These different conditions include a different method of measurement, different observer, different measuring instrument, different location, different conditions of use, different time and/or different cultures.

Question 5

define internal validity

Answer 5

if a psychological investigation investigates what it sets out and/or claims to investigate
consider:
- the appropriateness of investigation design, sampling and allocation techniques
- impact of extraneous and confounding variables on investigation results
lack of internal validity = study results deviate from the truth and no conclusions can be drawn

Question 6

external validity

Answer 6

if the results of research can be applied to similar individuals in different settings

lack = results aren’t applicable to individuals different from the study population

can be increased thru using broad inclusion criteria and sampling techniques, resulting in a study population more closely resembling the overall general human population

Question 7

define true value

Answer 7

value (s), that would be found if quantity could be measured perfectly
(correct value)

Question 8

define beneficence

Answer 8

commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks and harms involved

Question 9

define integrity

Answer 9

commitment to searching for knowledge and understanding, the honest reporting of all sources of info and results, whether favourable or unfavourable, in ways that permit scrutiny and contribute to public knowledge and understandingd

Question 10

define justice

Answer 10

moral obligation to ensure that there is fair consideration of competing claims; that there is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action; and that there is fair distribution and access to the benefits of an action

Question 11

non-maleficence

Answer 11

involves avoiding causation of harm, if harm is unavoidable, it should not be disproportionate to the benefits of any position or course of action

Question 12

respect

Answer 12

involves protecting & empowering values, such as welfare, liberty, autonomy, beliefs, perceptions, customs and cultural heritages as well as ability to make individual decisions

Question 13

list the 5 ethical concepts

Answer 13

beneficence, integrity, justice, non-maleficence, respect

Question 14

list the 6 ethical guidelines

Answer 14

Voluntary participation, Informed consent procedures, Withdrawal rights, Debriefing, use of Deception in research, Confidentiality

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Question 15

define confidentiality

Answer 15

privacy, protection & security of a participant’s personal info in terms of personal details & anonymity of individuals results

Question 16

define debriefing

Answer 16

ensures that participants leave understanding the experimental aim, results and conclusions, and their questions are answered and support is provided to ensure no lasting harm from involvement in study

Question 17

define informed consent procedures

Answer 17

ensures participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks before agreeing to participate

Question 18

define voluntary participation

Answer 18

ensures absence of coercion or pressure put on participants to partake,but that they freely chose to be involved

Question 19

define withdrawal rights

Answer 19

involves a participant being able to discontinue their involvement at any time during or after the conclusion of the experiment without penalty. May involve removing their results from the study.

Question 20

what are the 3 types of errors?

Answer 20

random, systematic, personal

Question 21

define random errors (what can they be caused by and how can they be improved?)

Answer 21

unpredictable errors affecting the precision of measurements
may be caused by limitations of instruments, environmental factors
can be improved through increasing sample size, refining measurement method/technique

Question 22

define systematic errors (what can they be caused by and how can they be improved?)

Answer 22

set of values that differ from the true value by a consistent amount and affect the accuracy of a measurement
can be caused by faulty instruments
can be reduced by being familiar with limitations of instruments and experience with correct use

Question 23

define personal errors

Answer 23

include mistakes, miscalculations and observer errors

Question 24

what are the 5 types of variables

Answer 24

IV, DV, controlled, extraneous, confounding

Question 25

define IV

Answer 25

manipulated variable that is assumed to have direct effect on the DV, plotted on the horizontal axis of a graph

Question 26

define DV

Answer 26

measured variable, changed according to manipulation of IV, plotted on vertical axis of graph

Question 27

define controlled variable

Answer 27

variables not part of the investigations that are held constant to ensure results are solely due to manipulation of IV on DV

Question 28

define extraneous variables

Answer 28

any variable other than the IV that may affect the DV, they must be controlled or monitored in order to prevent them becoming confounding variablesd

Question 29

define confounding variable

Answer 29

variables that have affected the DV apart from the IV, may be extraneous variable that wasn’t controlled or can be a type of variable that cannot be controlled for

disrupts the internal validity of investigation by providing alternative explanations for results