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y12 psych > Unit 3 Aos 2 Memory > Flashcards

Unit 3 Aos 2 Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

define memory

A

the process of storing, encoding and retrieving information that has been previously encountered

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2
Q

Define the Atkinson - Shriffin multi-store model of memory

A

model of memory outlining three separate memory stores (sensory, short-term, long-term), each of which interact through processes of encoding, storage and retrieval

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3
Q

Define sensory memory

A

entry point for memory that stores an exact replica of the real world

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4
Q

How long does sensory memory last for?

A

0.2-4 seconds

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5
Q

List the types of sensory memory

A

Iconic, echoic and eidetic memory

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6
Q

Define iconic memory

A

a type of sensory memory that stores visual sensory info

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7
Q

Define echoic memory

A

a type of sensory memory that stores auditory sensory info

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8
Q

Define eidetic memory

A

a rare type of sensory memory, also known as photographic memory that stores visual sensory memory with extended duration

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9
Q

define short term memory

A

memory store that temporarily stores a limited amount of info that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated

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10
Q

how long does short term memory last for

A

18-30 seconds

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11
Q

List 3 methods to improve short term memory

A

Chunking, maintenance rehearsal & elaborative rehearsal

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12
Q

Define chunking

A

involves grouping smaller chunks of info into larger chunks in order to hold more information

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13
Q

define maintenance rehearsal

A

involves repeating new info over and over to keep it in short term memory as long as possible

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14
Q

define elaborative rehearsal

A

involves meaningfully linking new info to info already stores in long term memory to improve ability to remember info

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15
Q

define long term memory

A

a memory store that stores potentially unlimited amount of information for a relatively permanent amount of time

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16
Q

list the 2 types of long term memory and their subtypes

A

Explicit/declarative (semantic & episodic) and Implicit (procedural & classically conditioned)

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17
Q

Define explicit memory

A

a type of long term memory that is consciously retrieved

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18
Q

define implicit memory

A

a type of long term memory that is unconsciously retrieved

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19
Q

define semantic memory

A

a type of explicit memory that consists of general knowledge or facts

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20
Q

define episodic memory

A

a type of explicit memory that consists of personal experiences or events

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21
Q

define procedural memory

A

a type of implicit memory that involves knowing how to carry out tasks facilitated by motor movement

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22
Q

list the 3 memory processes

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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23
Q

define classically conditioned memory

A

a type of implicit memory that involves an involuntary response to a stimulus that has repeatedly been paired with an emotionally-arousing stimulus

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24
Q

define encoding

A

the process of converting info into a useable form that can be manipulated and store in the brain

25
Q

define storage

A

the retention of info over time

26
Q

define retrieval

A

the process of accessing info that has been stored in LTM and bringing it into conscious awareness, the STM

27
Q

what is the explanatory power of the Atkinson Shriffin multi-store model of memory?

A

It successfully explains the 3 distinct stores involved in memory & how they interact with each other through encoding, storage and retrieval

(include strenght and limitation)

28
Q

list 3 strengths of the Atkinson Shriffin multi-store model of memory

A
  • it distinguishes between the diff stores involved in memory
  • it outlines that each memory store has a different capacity and duration
  • it provides a good understanding of the structure and process of memory
29
Q

list 3 limitations of the Atkinson Shriffin multi-store model of memory

A
  • it may be considered oversimplified
  • the STM is more complex than the model suggests as it may not be a singular store but may consist of different components
  • it doesn’t account for individual differences in memory proccesses, storage, duration and capacity
  • it ignores factors such as motivation and strategy that can facilitate learning and assist with encoding info from STM to LTM
30
Q

List the brain structures involved in implicit memory

A

basal ganglia & cerebellum

31
Q

define the basal ganglia’s role in implicit memory

A

Brain structure involved in encoding and storing procedural memories and classically conditioned memories that are associated with unconscious habits, behaviours and procedures

32
Q

define the cerebellum’s 2 roles

A
  • brain structure that encodes and stores implicit procedural memories
  • controls balance, co-ordination, movement and motor skills
33
Q

list the brain structures involved in explicit memory

A

hippocampus, amygdala and neocortex

34
Q

Define the hippocampus in relation to explicit memory

A

brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding explicit memories

35
Q

list 4 functions of the amygdala in relation to explicit memory

A
  • brain structure primarily involved in encoding emotion components of memories
  • signals hippocampus once it detects an emotionally arousing experience that is meaningful
  • retrieves explicit memories that are emotionally driven
  • involved in strengthening encoding of emotional components of memory and contributing to encoding them in greater detail
36
Q

define the neocortex

A

brain structure that stores explicit memories once they are encoded and transferred from the hippocampus

37
Q

explain the structure of the neocortex

A
  • consists of four lobes (parietal, temporal, occipital and frontal)
38
Q

explain the role of episodic and semantic memory in remembering scenarios

A

semantic: retrieves general knowledge and facts from LTM, e.g. name of restaurant
episodic: retrieves personal experience/event from LTM, e.g. feeling of going to the restaurant

39
Q

explain the role of episodic and semantic memory in imagining scenarios

A

semantic: envisions scenarios that are consistent and fit in with what individuals already know about the world, e.g. knowing what clothes to wear in winter

episodic: envision subjective imagined future with more richly detailed elements, e.g. emotional reactions of people

40
Q

define Alzheimer’s disease

A

a neurodegenerative disease involving the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and characterised by memory decline

41
Q

list the 2 main brain lesions/causes of Alzheimer’s

A

amyloid plaques & neurofribrillary tangles

42
Q

define amyloid plaques

A

fragments of protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques inhibiting communication between neurons

43
Q

define neurofibrillary tangles

A

an accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, inhibiting transportation of essential substances and eventually killing the neuron entirely

44
Q

list the 2 ways Alzheimer’s can be diagnosed

A
  • brain images can identify brain lesions caused by amyloid plaques
  • only determined by post-mortem examination
45
Q

list 3 symptoms of Alzheimer’s

A
  • memory loss, esp of explicit memories
  • personality change
  • frequent confusion and disorientation
46
Q

list treatment for Alzheimer’s

A
  • no treatment
  • symptoms worsen over time
  • medication can slow its progressions
47
Q

define aphantasia

A

phenomenon in which individuals lack capacity to generate mental imagery

48
Q

define mnemonics

A

devices or techniques used to aid encoding, storage and retrieval of info

49
Q

list the 3 types of mnemonics in written tradition

A

acrostics, acronyms, method of loci

50
Q

list the 2 traditions mnemonics is involved in

A

written & oral traditions

51
Q

define written traditions in relation to mnemonics

A

practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared through writing and reading

52
Q

define oral traditions in relation to mnemonics

A

practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared through spoken word and movement

53
Q

Define & give example of an acronym

A

mnemonic device in which the first letters of words form a pronounceable word to aid memory, e.g. BODMAS for math order of functions

54
Q

define & give example of a n acrostic

A

mnemonic device in which the first letters of items create a phrase, rhyme or poem to aid memory, e.g. Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats for ottawa charter areas

55
Q

Define the method of loci

A

mnemonic device that converts items into mental images and associates them with specific locations to aid memory

56
Q

list the 5 steps involved in the method of loci

A
  1. visualise and imagine familiar route/place
  2. select several memorable places
  3. create visual imagery for each item needed to be remembered
  4. link each item to one of the identified memorable landmarks
  5. imagine they are walking through the route/place and retrieve each item by observing items at each landmark
57
Q

list the 2 types of mnemonics in oral tradition

A

sung narratives & songlines

58
Q

define sung narratives

A

stories that share important cultural, ecological and survival info through the use of singing, harmony and rhythm

59
Q

define songlines

A

multimodal performances conducted as a family or community travels through Country and spaces in the landscape that record journeys, link important sites and describe ways to live, care for and nurture Country

y12 psych (6 decks)

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