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Year 12 Psychology > Unit 4 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4 AOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological (hypothetical) construct

A

a concept that is constructed to describe a specific psychological activity that is believed to exist but cannot be directly observed and difficult to measure, but can be inferred through behaviour and self-reports.

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2
Q

What is an example of a psychological construct

A

consciousness

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3
Q

Consciousness

A

awareness of our thoughts, feelings and our environment at any moment in time. It is selective, personal, continuous and changing.

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4
Q

Continuum of awareness

A

total awareness - focussed attention, ordinary wakefulness, daydreaming, meditation, hypnosis, sleep, anaesthetised, coma - total lack of awareness

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5
Q

What does NWC stand for

A

normal waking consciousness

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6
Q

Define normal waking consciousness

A

states associated with awareness of our thoughts, feelings and behaviours (internal events) and our surroundings (external stimuli) at any given moment.

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7
Q

What does ASC stand for

A

altered state of consciousness

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8
Q

Define altered state of consciousness

A

any state that deviated from normal waking consciousness in terms of differences in our level of our thoughts, feelings and behaviours, and our surroundings.

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9
Q

Define naturally occurring ASC

A

involves physiological and psychological changes that occur automatically and spontaneously and are produced without our conscious control.

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10
Q

Examples of naturally occurring ASCs

A

daydreaming, sleep

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11
Q

What is daydreaming

A

an altered state of consciousness that involves a shift in awareness from external events to internal thoughts

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12
Q

Define induced ASC

A

involves physiological and psychological changes that are internally achieved by using an aid.

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13
Q

Examples of induced ASC’s

A

meditation, sleep using sleep pills, alcohol/drugs,

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14
Q

Define meditation

A

a purposely induced ASC, where an individual is highly focused on an internal thought at the expense of other stimuli.

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15
Q

Define attention

A

the information that you are actively processing, either consciously or outside of your conscious awareness

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16
Q

Define selective attention

A

choosing and attending to a specific stimulus and ignoring others.

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17
Q

Define divided attention

A

the capacity to attend to and perform two or more activities at a time.

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18
Q

List of psychological indicators

A

self-control, content limitations, time orientation, emotional awareness, cognitive distortions, perceptual distortions, controlled/automatic processes

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19
Q

Define content limitations

A

the amount of control you have to limit what you attend to.

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20
Q

What happens to content limitations during NWC

A

more controlled, able to select what we attend to

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21
Q

What happens to content limitations during ASC

A

may be more or less restricted/controlled (usually less), fewer limitations on content mainly due to a lack of control (e.g. more illogical or bizarre thoughts), more difficult to process information

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22
Q

Define controlled process

A

processes that require selective attention and involves conscious awareness.

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23
Q

Define automatic process

A

processes that enable us to have divided attention and involve little/no conscious awareness or mental effort.

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24
Q

What happens to automatic processes in NWC

A

automatic processes require very little awareness or little mental effort to be performed well, and can allow you to do two things at once (divided attention)

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25
Q

What happens to automatic processes in NWC

A

controlled processes require full awareness and mental effort to focus attention on the required task (selective attention)

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26
Q

What happens to automatic processes in ASC

A

ability to perform some automatic processes, but may be impaired.

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27
Q

What happens to controlled processes in ASC

A

may be more or less controlled, controlled processes are difficult to carry out

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28
Q

Define perception

A

the process of organising sensory input and giving it meaning.

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29
Q

Define cognition

A

related to mental activities such as thinking, problem solving and reasoning.

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30
Q

What happens to perception in NWC

A

perception and sensation (including pain) are realistic.

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31
Q

What happens to cognition in NWC

A

thoughts are clear/organised/logical, effective control of memory processes, ability to reason and problem solve

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32
Q

What happens to perception in ASC

A

perceptions can be heightened or dulled - e.g colour can be perceived as more vivid or dull may + not perceive pain or have a stronger reaction to it (perceptual distortions)

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33
Q

What happens to cognition in ASC

A

thoughts are disorganised/lack logical and problem solving is impaired, memories may be inaccurate or impaired (cognitive distortions)

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34
Q

Define emotional awareness

A

the experience of emotions i.e. feelings

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35
Q

What happens to emotional awareness in NWC

A

aware of our emotions, show a range of emotions that are appropriate for the situation, able to monitor emotions

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36
Q

What happens to emotional awareness in ASC

A

usually less control over our emotions e.g. may be more or less affectionate or aggressive, emotions can be dulled or heightened, inappropriate emotional responses

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37
Q

Define self-control

A

the ability to maintain self-control usually by monitoring behaviour

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38
Q

What happens to self-control in NWC

A

more control over actions and movements, able to plan what you say and do, reserved and avoid doing anything risky or embarrassing

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39
Q

What happens to self-control in ASC

A

decreased self-control, inhibitions and lowered, open to suggestion - follow instructions with little resistance.

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40
Q

Define time orientation

A

ability to correct perceive the speed at which time passes.

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41
Q

What happens to time orientation in NWC

A

good awareness or the passage of time (e.g. 1 hour feels like 1 hour), understand where we are in time (day, night, hour, year), can focus on the past, present and future.

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42
Q

What happens to time orientation in ASC

A

distorted sense of time - may be perceived to be moving quicker or slower.

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43
Q

Types of physiological indicators

A

EEG, EMG, EOG

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44
Q

What does EEG stand for

A

electroencephalograph

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45
Q

What does EOG stand for

A

electro-oculargraph

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46
Q

What does EMG stand for

A

electromyograph

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47
Q

Define EEG

A

an EEG detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the brain via brainwaves

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48
Q

What is frequency

A

the number of brainwaves per second

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49
Q

What is amplitude

A

the heights of the peaks and the troughs

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50
Q

What is the frequency of beta waves

A

high frequency

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51
Q

What is the amplitude of beta waves

A

low amplitude

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52
Q

What states of consciousness are beta waves associated with

A

normal waking consciousness, (alert, active, paying attention), and there are beta-like waves during REM

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53
Q

What is the frequency of alpha waves

A

high frequency (lower than beta)

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54
Q

What is the amplitude of alpha waves

A

low amplitude (higher than beta)

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55
Q

What states of consciousness are alpha waves associated with

A

awake but very relaxed e.g. daydreaming or about to go to sleep, altered states of consciousness e.g. alcohol

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56
Q

What is the frequency of theta waves

A

medium frequency

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57
Q

What is the amplitude of theta waves

A

mixed amplitudes

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58
Q

What states of consciousness are theta waves associated with

A

early stages of sleep, also seen in young children as psychopaths

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59
Q

What is the frequency of delta waves

A

low frequency

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60
Q

What is the amplitude of delta waves

A

high amplitude

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61
Q

What states of consciousness are delta waves associated with

A

deep NREM sleep, babies and adults with brain tumours

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62
Q

Define EOG

A

an EOG detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles surrounding the eyes

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63
Q

What can EOG’s tell us

A

whether a person is in NREM or REM sleep.

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64
Q

Define EMG

A

an EMG detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles in the body

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65
Q

What can EMG’s tell us

A

whether awake, asleep, in NREM or REM sleep

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66
Q

What would be expected for awake on EMG

A

moderate activity

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67
Q

What would be expected for NREM sleep on EMG

A

moderate to low activity

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68
Q

What would be expected for REM sleep on EMG

A

little to no activity

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69
Q

Define polysomnogram

A

An intensive study of sleep through a range of physiological recordings (EEG, EOG, EMG)

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70
Q

What does PVT stand for

A

polysychometric vigilance test

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71
Q

What are PVTs used for

A

it is a test used to measure behavioural alertness, where participants respond to a visual stimulus and their speed and accuracy of the task are measured.

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72
Q

What are results of PVT for ASC

A

(e.g. alcohol induced state) are associated with slower reaction times, showing higher errors in responses. Sleep deprivation can also lead to slower reaction times.

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73
Q

Define sleep diary

A

a record of an individual’s sleeping and waking times with related information, usually over a period of several weeks, used as a resource in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders, and in monitoring whether treatment of those and other sleep disorders is successful.

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74
Q

By whom can sleep diaries be recorded

A

self-reported or by a caregiver.

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75
Q

What can sleep diaries help individuals to do

A

to become more aware of the parameters affecting their sleep.

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76
Q

Is a sleep diary subjective or objective

A

subjective

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77
Q

Advantage of sleep diary

A

gives rich and important insight into internal experience

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78
Q

Limitations of sleep diary

A

is subjective, artificial environment

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79
Q

What is video monitoring

A

when footage is captured in the dark (using infrared lights) in order to research observable behaviour (e.g. rolling over, sleep walking)

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80
Q

Is video monitoring subjective or objective

A

subjective

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81
Q

Why is video monitoring subjective

A

as it cannot tell what is going on inside the body or what the participant is experiencing, so relies on the researcher to interpret behaviour based on observations.

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82
Q

What are the two main types of drugs

A

stimulants and depressants

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83
Q

Define stimulants

A

drugs that excite neural activity in the brain, which increases bodily functions.

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84
Q

What effects do stimulants have on body (6.5)

A

increase blood pressure and heart rate, constrict blood vessels and increase blood glucose. Their effects can be elevated mood, increased alertness and reduced fatigue.

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85
Q

Examples of stimulants

A

caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines and methamphetamines

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86
Q

What effects do stimulants have on brain waves

A

Stimulants are generally associated with higher levels of beta brainwaves, with some association with increased levels of alpha brainwaves.

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87
Q

What can excessive levels of beta waves do

A

lead to experiences of stress and anxiety, which are side effects of excessive use of stimulant drugs.

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88
Q

What brainwaves will be present when a person is stressed

A

beta waves only (no alpha)

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89
Q

What stimulant drugs are associated with increased levels of alpha

A

nicotine and cocaine

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90
Q

What do the stimulant drugs that create alpha waves do to body

A

can in some cases increase alertness, but also have an influence on reduced stress, feelings of calm and elevated mood.

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91
Q

Define depressants

A

drugs that calm neural activity in the brain, which slows down bodily functions.

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92
Q

What are the effects of depressants on the body

A

lower heart rate and blood pressure, increased fatigue and drowsiness, reduced anxiety, and calming of nerves.

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93
Q

Examples of depressants

A

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opioids and cannabis

94
Q

What are benzodiazepines used to treat

A

sleep disorders e.g. insomnia

95
Q

How do benzodiazepines work

A

binding to the receptor site of post-synaptic neurons to increase/enhance the functioning of GABA (act like a booster), which has a calming effect on the body.

96
Q

What brain waves are depressants associated with

A

alpha, theta and delta

97
Q

What are depressants that increase alpha waves

A

alcohol and cannabis

98
Q

What are depressants that increase theta waves

A

opioid drugs (morphine, codeine, heroin) + delta too

99
Q

What are theta waves associated with

A

associated with experiencing vivid imagery, being highly creative, deeply relaxed and reduced anxiety but can also make a person more ‘suggestible’ (eg during hypnosis).

100
Q

What depressants increase delta waves

A

barbiturates that are used as anaesthetics

101
Q

What is sleep deprivation

A

going without sleep or not getting sufficient amounts of sleep to support optimal functioning.

102
Q

What are the types of sleep deprivation

A

total and partial

103
Q

Define partial sleep deprivation

A

a person not receiving the required amount of sleep in a 24 hour period (having some sleep in a 24 hour period but less than what is normally required) due to either decreased quantity or quality

104
Q

Define total sleep deprivation

A

going without sleep for an entire 24 hour period (can be for one or more nights)

105
Q

Does sleep deprivation have any long term effects if person gets sleep afterwards

A

no long term physiological or psychological effects

106
Q

Do you need to make up for all the lost hours of sleep

A

no

107
Q

How are experiments on sled deprivation conducted

A

using rats, who die quicker from a lack of sleep compared to a lack of food

108
Q

What were the results of college students before a test sleep deprived

A

those who were sleep deprived performed worse but thought they performed well

109
Q

What aspects of cognition are impacted by sleep deprivation

A

STM, attention, executive functions e.g. problem solving, processing new declarative memories,

110
Q

What have studies shown about memory

A

people who are sleep deprived and engage in a memory task show reduced activity in the medial temporal lobe (hippocampus) compared to those who are not sleep deprived.

111
Q

What happens to concentration for automatic processes

A

Concentration generally deteriorates the more sleep deprived we are for processes that are simple, routine, monotonous tasks (automatic processes) people experience problems with concentration, attention and accuracy.

112
Q

What happens to mood when sleep deprived

A

positive moods decrease and negative moods increase (vulnerable to stress and anxiety). Effects on mood can include: irritability, short temperedness, impatience, hostility, and argumentativeness. People also have amplified emotional responses.

113
Q

What does BAC stand for

A

blood alcohol concentration for every 100mL of blood

114
Q

How can BAC be measured

A

measuring a person’s breath, saliva, blood or urine.

115
Q

What are the BAC limits

A

0.00 for P platers or professional drivers, 0.05 for full licence

116
Q

What BAC is one night of total sleep deprivation equivalent to

A

0.10

117
Q

How many hours of sleep deprivation is 0.05 BAC equivalent to

A

17 hours sleep deprivation

118
Q

What is the ABC of sleep deprivation

A

affective, behavioural and cognitive functioning

119
Q

What is the effect of sleep deprivation on affective functioning

A

amplified emotional responses, mood swings, lack of motivation, more negative emotions, less able to recognise other’s emotions e.g facial expressions so less empathetic

120
Q

What is amplified emotional responses

A

person’s affect or mood being heightened when they are experiencing sleep deprivation

121
Q

What is the effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning

A

mental abilities impaired so their ability to perform cognitive tasks declines, difficulty concentrating and controlling attention, impairment in memory and learning,

122
Q

What is the effect of sleep deprivation on behavioural functioning

A

clumsiness, slower reaction times, muscle strength/speed/endurance reduced, impaired ability to perform fine motor functions and coordination, micro sleeps

123
Q

What are physical effects of sleep deprivation

A

lack of energy, tiredness, trembling hands, drooping eyelids, inability to focus eyes, increased sensitivity of pain, headaches

124
Q

What is a sleep lab

A

a controlled, artificial environment that looks like a normal bedroom but allows electronic recording and measurement of sleep patterns

125
Q

Define sleep

A

an altered state of consciousness (ASC) that features the suspension of awareness of the external environment and is accompanied by a number of physiological changes to the body.

126
Q

Define circadian rhythm

A

biological processes that roughly follow a 24-hour cycle controlled by internal biological processes and external cues.

127
Q

Example of a circadian rhythm

A

sleep-wake cycle, body temperature

128
Q

How does melatonin release work

A

the hypothalamus triggers the pineal gland to release melatonin (a hormone that causes drowsiness and helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle).

129
Q

Define ultradian rhythm

A

biological rhythms that follow a cycle of less than 24 hours

130
Q

Examples of ultradian rhythms

A

eye-blinks, heart beats, sleep stages

131
Q

What are the two stages of sleep

A

NREM and REM

132
Q

What does NREM stand for

A

non-rapid eye movement

133
Q

What does REM stand for

A

rapid eye movement

134
Q

What is the average time for a sleep cycle

A

90 minutes

135
Q

How many cycles do adults go though each night

A

approximately 5

136
Q

In what cycle do people typically stop entering deep sleep

A

after 3

137
Q

What happens to REM and NREM as the night progresses

A

the proportions of time spent in REM increase and the amount of NREM decreases

138
Q

At what time do we have the highest proportion of REM

A

towards end of sleep

139
Q

Is the brain active in NREM

A

yes but not as active as in REM

140
Q

What is another name for stage 1 sleep

A

hypnogogic stage

141
Q

What is stage 1 sleep

A

is the relaxed state between being awake and being asleep - this is usually only entered into once at the beginning of the sleep cycle (light sleep, easily woken)

142
Q

What may happen is Stage 1 sleep

A

hallucinatory images, sudden twitches, hypnic jerks (sudden jolts)

143
Q

How long is Stage 1

A

10 seconds to 30 minutes, but usually 5 minutes

144
Q

What happens if woken up during stage 2

A

don’t believe you were asleep

145
Q

How long is stage 2

A

around 20 minutes

146
Q

What proportion of sleep is stage 2

A

50%

147
Q

At what time does stage 4 first occur

A

around 1 hour

148
Q

What happens in stage 4

A

poor memory of sleep, bedwetting, sleep walking and talking

149
Q

How light is REM in reference to NREM

A

lighter than stages 3 and 4, but deeper than stages 1 and 2

150
Q

What is another name for REM sleep

A

paradoxical sleep

151
Q

Why is it called paradoxical sleep

A

REM sleep is known as paradoxical sleep because during this stage, the sleeper appears to be in a very deep sleep due to their muscles appearing paralysed, but their brain is actually highly active and the person is usually dreaming.

152
Q

What are the two theories that explain why we sleep

A

evolutionary theory, restoration theory

153
Q

What is the evolutionary theory of sleep

A

a theory that proposes that sleep is a means of increasing an animal’s chances of survival in its environment, through sleep depending on the need to find food or to hide from predators.

154
Q

What is evidence to support the evolutionary theory

A

animals that graze all day sleep less, animals that are vulnerable e.g. mice sleep more so can hide,

155
Q

Limitations of evolutionary theory

A

all species sleep regardless of danger, sleeping can put animals at risk

156
Q

What is the restoration theory

A

theory that proposes that sleep occurs to restore and replenish depleted energy stores.

157
Q

What does NREM restore

A

body

158
Q

What does REM restore

A

brain

159
Q

Evidence to support restoration theory

A

feeling tired before sleep and refreshed in morning, when people are sick they sleep for longer, growth hormone is secreted at a much higher rate while asleep, immune system is stronger if had enough sleep, sleep assists in consolidating memories.

160
Q

Limitations of restoration theory

A

unless undertaking extreme activity do not need more sleep when do exercise, people in wheelchairs need to sleep for the same amounts

161
Q

What happens to duration of sleep across the lifespan

A

decreases

162
Q

What happens to proportion spent in REM across the lifespan

A

decreases

163
Q

How many hours do newborns need to sleep for

A

16 hours

164
Q

What percentage are newborns in REM

A

50%

165
Q

How many hours do infants need to sleep for

A

12-13 hours

166
Q

What percentage do infants spend in REM

A

30%

167
Q

How many hours do children need to sleep for

A

10-12 hours per day

168
Q

What percentage do children spend in REM

A

25%

169
Q

How many hours do adolescents need to sleep for

A

9-10 hours

170
Q

What percentage do adolescents spend in REM

A

20%

171
Q

How many hours do adults need to sleep for

A

7-8 hours

172
Q

What percentage do adults spend in REM

A

20%

173
Q

How many hours do elderly people need to sleep for

A

5-6 hours per day

174
Q

What percentage do elderly people spend in REM

A

20%

175
Q

What happens to deep sleep in elderly people

A

spend less time in deep sleep if any

176
Q

Define sleep disorders

A

a group of syndromes characterised by a disturbance in a person’s amount, quality or timing of sleep, or behaviours or physiological conditions associated with sleep, that interfere with normal physical, mental and emotional functioning because they disrupt normal restorative sleep.

177
Q

Define a circadian phase disorder

A

sleep disorder that disturbs a person’s ability to sleep and wake for the periods of time necessary to maintain good health and wellbeing, caused by the sleep-wake cycle being out of sync with the natural night/day cycle of the external environment.

178
Q

What causes circadian phase disorders

A

intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors

179
Q

Examples of intrinsic factors

A

medical conditions, age-related natural shifts in sleep cycle

180
Q

Examples of extrinsic factors

A

shift work, jet lag

181
Q

Symptoms of circadian phase disorder

A

difficulty falling asleep at desired time or maintaining sleep, chronic tiredness during waking hours,

182
Q

What can happen if a circadian phase disorder isn’t treated

A

severe sleep deprivation, may lead to depression, impaired work performance and stressed relationships

183
Q

Types of circadian phase disorders

A

sleep-wake cycle shifts in adolescents, jet lag, shift work (disorder)

184
Q

Is the sleep cycle in adolescents move forward or back and by how much

A

forwards 1-2 hours (later) because melatonin is released later

185
Q

Define sleep debt

A

the amount of sleep loss accumulated from an inadequate amount of sleep, regardless of the cause.

186
Q

Long term effects of adolescent sleep-wake shift

A

reduced REM sleep, so mental processes cannot be fully restored and memory formation may be impaired, lack of NREM - immunity impaired

187
Q

What you should do to cope with adolescent sleep-wake shift

A

avoid caffeine/drugs, avoid technology before going to bed, turn lights on to assist waking, no more than 2-3 hour sleep in on weekend

188
Q

Define shift work

A

working at times that are outside the period of a normal working day and that are not compatible with maintaining a natural, biological sleep-wake cycle.

189
Q

Examples of shift work

A

night shifts, early morning shifts

190
Q

Why does working at these times affect shift workers

A

need to be active and alter when melatonin levels are usually high and sleep when melatonin levels are usually low + light

191
Q

Is adolescent sleep-wake shift intrinsic/extrinsic

A

intrinsic

192
Q

Is shift work disorder intrinsic/extrinsic

A

extrinsic

193
Q

Is jet lag intrinsic/extrinsic

A

extrinsic

194
Q

Effects of shift work

A

risk having an accident at work, less REM and NREM

195
Q

What should you do to cope with shift work

A

stay on same shift as long as possible and try not to rotate shifts, move shifts forwards gradually, avoid caffeine and drugs at least 6 hours before go to sleep

196
Q

What is jet lag also known as

A

rapid time zone change syndrome

197
Q

Define jet-lag

A

is a temporary extrinsic circadian phase disorder characterised by fatigue and sleep disturbance that result from a disruption of the body’s normal circadian rhythm following long periods of air travel through several time zones in one day.

198
Q

How to cope with jet-lag

A

travel West, expose to light during waking hours, recreate time before leave,

199
Q

Why want to travel West

A

as this lengthens our day meaning we have to stay up longer and will go to bed when it is dark

200
Q

Why we don’t want to travel East

A

as this shortens our day and so when we are tired, it will be daytime

201
Q

Define dyssomnias

A

group of disorders characterised by persistent difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep or waking up too early, and excessive daytime sleepiness that disturb the amount, quality or timing of sleep and therefore disrupt the body’s natural sleep-wake cycle.

202
Q

Define sleep onset insomnia

A

a sleep disorder characterised by an inability to fall asleep at the beginning of the night, or at the point of normal ‘sleep onset’

203
Q

Daytime symptoms of sleep onset insomnia

A

feeling tired during day, difficulty concentrating, e.t.c.

204
Q

What are the psychological causes of sleep-onset insomnia

A

stress, anxiety, depression,

205
Q

What are behavioural causes of sleep-onset insomnia

A

use of drugs/caffeine before bed, lifestyle habits e.g. shift work, visual stimulation e.g. watching TV

206
Q

Treatments of sleep-onset disorder

A

CBT, medication, regular exercise, sleep routines

207
Q

Define parasomnia

A

group of disorders characterised by abnormal movements, behaviours, emotions, perceptions or dreams that occur while falling asleep at any point in the sleep cycle or on waking from sleep. The person usually remains asleep during the event.

208
Q

Does the person usually have memory of the event for parasomnia

A

no

209
Q

Example of REM sleep parasomnia

A

recurrent isolated sleep paralysis

210
Q

Examples of NREM sleep parasomnias

A

teeth grinding, sleep walking

211
Q

What is the scientific name for sleep walking

A

somnambulism

212
Q

Define sleep walking

A

is a sleep disorder that occurs when a sleeping person walks and sometimes does routine tasks or activities, often when in deep NREM sleep (stages 3 & 4).

213
Q

Can sleep walkers avoid obstacles

A

yes as they have intact vision

214
Q

Amongst whom is sleep walking most common

A

children around 5-12

215
Q

What are some contributing factors

A

fatigue, sleep deprivation, stress and anxiety, genetics

216
Q

Treatments of sleep walking

A

psychotherapy, hypnosis, drugs, waking person before they typically sleep walk, good sleep hygiene

217
Q

What are treatments for sleep disorders

A

bright light therapy and CBT

218
Q

What does CBT stand for

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

219
Q

Define CBT

A

a treatment for sleep disorders that focuses on changing a person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours surrounding sleep, particularly those that are maladaptive.

220
Q

What can CBT help treat

A

sleep-onset insomnia.

221
Q

What does the cognitive component of CBT do

A

correct faulty cognition the person has about sleep that may affect their sleeping behaviour

222
Q

What may be involved in cognitive component of CBT

A

sleep diary, writing down thoughts

223
Q

What does the behavioural component of CBT do

A

identify negative or maladaptive behaviours they may have developed in response to their faulty cognitions which hinder their sleep and develop strategies to modify or remove unhelpful behaviours and develop more positive sleeping habits

224
Q

What may be involved in the behavioural component of CBT

A

stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction therapy, sleep hygiene, relaxation training, sleep environment improvement

225
Q

What is stimulus control therapy

A

targeting factors that condition the mind to resist sleep e.g. encourage bed for sleeping (reduce things like reading, using technology while on bed)

226
Q

What is sleep restriction

A

limiting the time spent in bed to the actual time spent sleeping and to increase sleep efficiency by prolonging sleep time - creates a mild sleep deprivation

227
Q

What is sleep hygiene

A

lifestyle habits or routines that influence the quality and length of sleep

228
Q

What does CBT relaxation involve

A

meditation, guided imagery, breathing exercises

229
Q

What is bright light therapy

A

exposing individuals to intense but safe of artificial light for a specific and regular length of time (intended to mimic natural daylight) to help synchronise their sleep-wake cycle with a normal external day-night cycle.

230
Q

Why is bright light therapy used

A

to slow or stop melatonin

231
Q

Define validity

A

the extent to which an assessment tool actually measures what it is designed to measure.

232
Q

Define reliability

A

the extent to which an assessment tool measures what it is supposed to measure consistently.

Year 12 Psychology (5 decks)

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