Unit 4 Africa

Question 1

What is development in Geography?

Answer 1

All about how standard of living,
wealth and the quality of life of
people living on our planet vary
from place to place. It is therefore a
process of change that affects people’s
lives. It may involve an improvement OR a reduction in the quality of life as perceived by the
people undergoing the change.

Question 2

What are the four classes of countries? Give examples.

Answer 2

First World eg. The West, United States, UK
Second World eg. The East, Russia, Ukraine
Third World eg. Less Developed, Mali
Fourth World eg. Tribal Communities, North Sentinel Island

Question 3

What is considered in the Human Development Index (HDI)?

Answer 3

Life expectancy at birth (Health Index)
Mean years of schooling (Education Index)
Expected years of schooling (Education Index)
GNP$ per capita (Income Index)

Question 4

What is considered in the Happy Planet Index (HPI)?

Answer 4

Wellbeing
Life Expectancy
Inequality of Outcomes
Ecological Footprint

Question 5

List different types of developmental indicators.

Answer 5

GDP/GNP
Women employed
Age range of education
Water access/standard
Healthcare (Birth/Death Rate, Infant Mortality etc.)

Question 6

What is the development gap?

Answer 6

The widening difference in levels of development between the world’s richest and poorest
countries.

Question 7

What are the 5 Stages of Rostow’s Model of development?

Answer 7

Traditional Society - Subsistence economy based on farming
Preconditions for take-off - Emerging economy. single industry dominates
Take-off - Industrialisation, new political parties, infrastructure develops
Drive to Maturity - Technology, primary industries
decline, rapid urbanisation
High Mass Consumption - Rapid tertiary expansion

Question 8

What are the limitations of development indicators?

Answer 8

Simplification
Contextual Factors
Data Reliability
Changing Dynamics
Subjectivity

Question 9

What is the development continuum?

Answer 9

The development continuum is the contemporary way of viewing development. Ranking countries using HDI, a composite indicator, essentially the
development continuum is a sliding scale from most to least developed with lots of intermediates such as RICs and NICs; meaning it illustrates the
complexities that the Brandt Line fails to display.

Question 10

What makes a country an LDC?

Answer 10

Income below $7050 per capita
Weak Human Resources
Economic Vulnerability
33/50 LDC’s are SSA Nations eg. Sierra Leone

Question 11

What inequalities do women have to deal with in SSA Nations?

Answer 11

In sub-Saharan Africa, 37% of women aged 20 to 24 were married or in a union before the age of 18.
Currently, Djibouti, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Somalia and Sudan have the highest FGM prevalence rates in the world, at 85% or greater among women aged 20–24.
Women do 2.6 times the unpaid care and domestic work that men do.

Question 12

Define the ‘resource curse’

Answer 12

The ‘resource curse’ idea gained popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s within academic research and policy making departments of development organisations. The resource curse theory maintains that the proximity of abundant natural resources to a community has detrimental impacts on the economic and social well-being of that group. Hence, communities are frequently ‘cursed’ by the presence of resources rather than, as one might otherwise assume, enriched, developed or ‘blessed’.

Question 13

Why is Botswana known as a ‘developmental’ success story.

Answer 13

Botswana is a small landlocked country in SSA which used to be one of the poorest countries in Africa with a GDP per capita of $70. After it’s independence from Britain in 1966, there was a breakthrough discovery of mass sources of diamonds in the country. This boosted the economy in order for it to have a GDP per capita of $18,600 and Botswana became the world’s largest diamond producer in the world.

Question 14

Describe mining in Botswana.

Answer 14

Jwaneng Diamond Mine is located in Botswana and is the world’s richest mine in the world by value, producing high-quality diamonds at annual average in excess of 12 million carats. Countries economy has been dominated by the mining industry since the 1970’s as now it accounts for roughly 32% of government revenue and a third of the GDP.

Question 15

Compare oil exports between two SSA Nations. Describe how this affects the countries.

Answer 15

2 of SSA’s largest oil producers are Nigeria and Angola. Angola’s fuel exports accounted for 92.4% of the country’s exports in 2018.
Angola is ranked 148th in terms of human development. Nigeria fuel exports were 94.1% of it’s total exports in 2018.Nigeria is ranked 161 in human development terms.

Question 16

How may free trade and trade blocs affect SSA Nations and their people.

Answer 16

Africa has a population of about 1.3 billion people and a $2.5
trillion economic bloc. 2030 there will be approximately US$6.7
trillion worth of cumulative consumer and business spending. A major opportunity for African countries to bring 30 million people out of extreme poverty and to raise the incomes of 68 million others who live on less than $5.50 per day. Boost Africa’s income
by $450 billion by 2035 (a gain of 7 percent) while adding $76 billion to the income of the rest of
the world. Increase Africa’s exports by $560 billion, mostly in
manufacturing. AfCFTA has huge
potential to harness the power of women and youth to realise
its true potential.

Question 17

Define the term ‘free trade’.

Answer 17

Investment by one private sector company in one country into another private sector company in another.

Question 18

Define the term ‘trade blocs’.

Answer 18

‘A trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency and respect, which seeks greater
equity in international trade’.

Question 19

Define the term ‘FDI’.

Answer 19

A trade policy that does not restrict imports or
exports.

Question 20

Define the term ‘Fair Trade’.

Answer 20

Where regional barriers to international trade, (tariffs and non-tariff barriers) are reduced or
eliminated among the participating states, allowing them to trade with each other as easily as possible.

Question 21

What is the AfCFTA and what are their goals.

Answer 21

The AfCFTA is an ambitious trade pact to form the world’s largest free trade area by creating a single market for goods and services of almost 1.3bn people across Africa and deepening the economic integration of Africa. The establishment of the Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) presents opportunities to boost intra-African trade, strengthen the complementarities of production and exports, create employment, and limit the impact of commodity price volatility on the participants.

Question 22

State what Neocolonialism is.

Answer 22

The geopolitical practice of using capitalism, business globalisation and cultural imperialism to influence a country, instead of direct military or political action.

Question 23

What effects does neocolonialism have on SSA Nations.

Answer 23

Low profile development of technology in Africa where inappropriate machines are brought to Africa. Africans lack the
knowledge to operate new machines from MNCs. Increased exploitation of African resources by imperial power. Big percentage sale of minerals is repatriated
back into the imperial nations.
Further neo-colonialism
has resulted into the existence of puppet leaders. Imperial powers
suffocating the remaining pockets of socialism. Increased
unemployment in Africa. Increasing cultural degeneration where European countries continue to make sure that Africa cultures remain under
developed.

Question 24

What are the effects of economic development in SSA?

Answer 24

“Over 200 Deaths in Unsafe Workplaces and Water Pollution”
* Over 200 deaths from unsafe work environments.
* Cement production affects water sources.
* Poor waste management from urban sprawl.
* Home use of solid fuels.
* Nairobi construction boom leads to air pollution.
* Kenya’s agriculture and pesticides.
* Nigeria’s deforestation and mineral extraction.

Question 25

What are the environmental impacts of agro-industrialisation in Nigeria?

Answer 25

• Estimated 576 million trees lost annually due to deforestation.
• Annual deforestation rate 5% between 2010-2015.
• Major issues include weak governance and corruption.
• Road construction and large projects exacerbate deforestation.
• Mining/oil exploration activities cause delta leaks.
• Large factories like Ajaokuta steel mill occupy previously forested areas.

Question 26

What are the environmental Impact of Oil and Mineral Mining in Africa?

Answer 26

• Protests over Shell’s operations in Nigeria led to displacement of Ogoni people and human rights violations.
• Unreliable extraction processes and lack of mining codes contribute to environmental disasters.
• Children in Kasulo mining district in DRC had 10 times more cobalt in their urine than others.
• Mining areas in Uganda cause food production from contaminated soil, use of toxic waste water, and diseases like cancer and ulcers.
• Heavy and metallic copper mine in Mufulira has high sulfur and lead emissions.
• Nearly 18 million litres of crude oil have contaminated the Niger Delta’s largest mangrove swamp.
• Abandoned mining sites in Bétaré-Oya in East Cameroon result in landscape disfigurement and 157 deaths between 2013 and 2021.

Question 27

What are the causes of Desertification and Land Degradation in Africa?

Answer 27

• Desertification is the conversion of fertile land into desert due to drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
• The UNCCD reports that Africa experiences the most desertification, with two-thirds of the continent being desert.
• Human population growth leads to increased demand for agricultural lands and clearing of forests.
• Fragile, marginal lands are used, exacerbating degradation.
• Ghana, known for tropical forests and cocoa farms, faces 35% desertification risk.
• Unproductive crops and prolonged droughts in the north lead to decreased incomes.

Question 28

What are the consequences of desertification in Ghana?

Answer 28

• Major farming community with 5,250 population.
• Primarily subsistence farmers cultivating cereals and cash crops.
• Land unsuitability threatens main income source and community support.
• Future depends on avoiding, minimizing, and reversing desertification threats and land degradation.