Unit 4: AC3.2: Describe the contributions of agencies to achieving social control Flashcards
What is environmental design the belief of?
The built environment can effect crime, but can also be modified to reduce crime
What is the aim of environmental design tactics?
To make an area ‘defensible’
What does it mean to make an area defensible?
It has clear boundaries - can be achieved through territoriality or surveillance
What would making an area defensible involve?
-Creating a feeling of ownership amongst residents
-Having easily viewed entrance lobbies
-Street level windows
What are other ways of altering the physical environment to reducing crime in terms of open spaces and bushes?
-Ensuring open spaces have strong lighting
-Low level bushes for visibility
Why are these environmental tactics important according to Cozens et al?
Found higher crime rates in cities with high rise blocks than low rise buildings
What is a design tactic that prisons use?
The panopticon
What is the panopticon?
A design to allow all inmates to be observed by a single watchman
What does the inmates not being able to know when they’re being watched mean?
Motivated to act as though they’re being watched at all times i.e., compelled to regulate their own behaviour
What is inmates being compelled to regulate their behaviour a form of?
Internal social control
How can the idea of the panopticon be applied to CCTV in a supermarket?
You wouldn’t know if the operator is watching the camera of the isle you’re in, so more likely not to steal
Why are gates installed at the entrance of backstreets/alleyways?
To deter criminals from gaining unlawful access
Gated lanes are a physical barrier making it harder for…?
Criminals to commit crime (anti-social behaviour, drugs)
What does residents taking responsibility for closing the gates ensure?
A sense of ownership - increasing a sense of territoriality
What does gating indicate, and what does it prevent?
That is is a cared for area, and prevents the broken windows problem
What does Sidebottom et al argue about the benefit of gated lanes?
It was over twice the cost (£2.19 for every £1 spent)
How does gated lanes link to rational choice theory?
If an intruder fears challenge by residents, they may be more likely to stay away from the area
Why are behavioural tactics used by agencies?
To change a person’s behaviour to make them more socially compliant
What is an example of a behavioural tactic?
An ASBO
What is an ASBO?
A court order that restricts offender’s freedom to commit crime e.g., restrictions on what time you can go out
What does breaching an ASBO mean?
Breaking the rules which is a criminal offence
How many years imprisonment can you get if you breach an ASBO?
Up to 5 years
How is the aim of an ASBO similar to zero tolerance?
Dealing with minor criminality to avoid more serious crime
What have ASBOs been replaced by?
-Civil Injunctions (to prevent nuisance)
-Criminal Behaviour Order (CBO) (against more seriously anti-social individuals)
What is another behavioural tactic?
Token economies
What are token economies a form of?
Behaviour modification
What do prisoners receive after displaying desirable behaviour?
Tokens
Tokens are collected and exchanged for what?
An object/privilege (extra phone call times, own clothes)
What is the scheme called that is used in prisons in England and Wales?
Incentives and Earned Privileges Schemes (IEPs)
In some schemes, why are tokens removed for undesirable behaviour?
To try and rid these behaviours
What are some examples of what might happen if tokens are removed?
Removing TV from cell and loosing some of the money in prison
