Unit 4: AC3.1: Explain the role of agencies in social control Flashcards
What is an additional aim/objective of the police?
Arrest/detain suspects, but have np responsibility for punishing criminals
What is the main aim/objective of the police?
Keeping the peace, protecting life and property, preventing and investigating crime, collection of evidence
Who funds the police?
The Home office through tax
In 2021/22, what did public spending on the police rise to?
£24.9 billion, highest amount spent since recording began
The overall funding of the police for year ending 2023 will increase by what percentage in real terms?
2.8%
In terms of police philosophy, what are their standards of professional behaviour?
Acting with honesty and integrity, demonstrating authority, respect, and courtesy
In terms of philosophy, what standards do the police adhere to?
Use of force, fitness to work, and confidentiality
How many regional police forces are there in England and Wales?
39
These police forces are in both local and national reach with who?
Community officers and those working within stations and cities
Who are the police responsible for dealing with?
All types of offenders and criminality
However, there are specialist roles within the police. What type of officer would deal with an offence on the motorway?
A Traffic Police Officer
What are two examples of different policing styles, techniques, and approaches?
Zero tolerance, Situational Crime prevention
What are the CPS set up under?
The Prosecution of Offences Act 1985
What does the CPS decide on?
Decides whether to prosecute, on charges, prepares and presents cases for court
What else does the CPS do interns of victims and witnesses?
Informs and supports them
Where does the funding of the CPS come from?
The central government
How much is the CPS approximately worth per year?
£500 million
What are funding from recovering costs?
When costs are awarded by courts, the CPS recovers some of the costs of it’s prosecutions from defendants
In 2019, what did Boris Johnson MP say?
“We have been investing in the CPS- over £85 million”
What does the philosophy of the CPS include?
independence and fairness, honesty and openness, and treating everyone with respect
What are more factors included in the philosophy of the CPS?
Equality and inclusion, as well as behaving professionally and striving for excellence
The CPS will deal with a large variety of criminal acts and offenders, what types of crimes do they deal with?
Usually more serious crimes/criminals (police w/ minor crime)
The CPS is a national body with how many regional teams?
14
Who is each region headed by?
A Chief Crown prosecutor
What is the name of the head of the entire CPS?
The Director of Public Prosecutions
Who is the current Director of Public Prosecutions?
Stephen Parkinson
What test does the CPS use?
The Full Code Test
What does the Full Code Test consist of?
The Evidential test and the Public Interest Test
What is the main aim/objective of the judiciary?
Interpret and apply law, manage the trial, and explain legal issues to juries
What additional aim/objectives are there of the judiciary?
Also sum up the evidence, pass sentences, make rulings on appeals, as well as setting/following precedent
How is judges pay decided?
By an independent panel
What is the name of the independent panel that decides judges’ pay?
“Senior Salaries Review Body”
How much do District judges earn?
About £110,000
How much do Lord Chief Justice earn?
£257,000
How is the judiciary funded?
From government (taxation)
In terms of judiciary philosophy, what is the principle of judicial independence from?
Independent from the government
In terms of judicial philosophy, what is the principle of impartiality?
Not favour either side
Interns of judicial philosophy, what is the principle of integrity?
Honest and moral
What are the two oaths judges make?
-Oath of Allegiance (loyalty to the king)
-Judicial Oath (treat people equally under the law)
What is security of tenure?
They cannot be removed from their position except by a partition to the monarch by both Houses of Parliament
What is judges’ salary guaranteed in?
Hierarchy
What is the Supreme Court at the top with?
‘Superior judges’
What is the Crown Court at the bottom with?
‘Inferior judges’
Judges deal with all types of offences and offenders, except for what?
The least serious which are dealt with by magistrates/cautions/penalty notices
What reach does the Supreme Court have?
National
What reach does the Crown Court have?
Local
What are the 4 aims/objectives of prisons?
-Public protection
-Rehabilitation
-Deterrence
-To implement the sentences from the court
What are prisons paid for from?
Taxation
In 2020/21, what was the prison budget?
£5.6 billion
In 2020/21 the budget was how much more than 10 years prior?
£600 million
In 2019/20, what was the average cost of a prison place in England and Wales
£44,600 a year
In police philosophy, how do prisons believe they can prevent victims?
By changing lives of offenders
What is another aspect of prison philosophy?
Retribution
How many prisons are there in England and Wales?
123
How many prisons are ‘public’ prisons run by HMPPS
109
What is an example of a ‘public’ prison run by HMPPS?
Lewes Prisons
Who are the other 14 (‘private’ prisons) run by?
Private companies
What is the name of one of these private companies that run private prisons?
G4S- run Birmingham Prison
There are prisons all over the UK, but like the police and CPS, what are they split up into?
Different regions
What does the prison service categories criminals based on?
The severity of their offence, the danger they pose, and how trusting they are (A-D)
As an aim/objective of probation, who do they supervise?
High risk offenders & Offenders who spend their sentence in the community rather than prison
Who does probation support?
Victims of serious sexual and violent crimes
How does probation protect the public?
Through the rehabilitation of offenders
Where does the probation’s share of the £4.6 billion budget for HMPPS services come from?
General taxation
Who are trusts funded by?
HMPPS
HMPPS employ all staff except who?
The Chief Officer
How much extra funding has been pumped into the probation service since July 2019?
More than £300 million worth
Community Rehabilitation Companies are paid for?
Reaching government set targets
In terms of the philosophy of probation, what do they believe?
Offenders can change for the better and become responsible members of the community
What is another belief of the probation service?
The worth and dignity of the individual
What is the probation service committed to?
Social justice, social inclusion, equality and diversity
What do the 35 trusts in the probation service provide?
Services for high risk and medium risk offenders
What are Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRCs)
Private companies that have a contract with the MoJ to provide probation services for low and medium risk offenders
What do CRCs do?
Write pre-sentence reports, manage premisses, ensure community sentences are completed and work on behalf of victims
Who do CRCs supervise?
Those serving sentences in the community rather than in prison
What are some examples of individuals serving sentences in the community?
Community orders such as community payback, curfews, and drug rehabilitation programmes
What is the aim/objective of the Prison Reform Trust?
To reduce imprisonment and improve conditions for prisoners and their families
What is the aim/objective of Women in prison?
Help women in the CJS, end harm caused to women, their families and our communities by imprisonment
Both charities do not receive money directly from the government, but what do they enjoy?
Some tax advantages from the government
In 2021, how much did the Prison Reform Trust raise from grants, donations, legacies, and charitable activities?
£1.5 million
In 2019, how much did Women In Prison raise through donations and charitable activities?
£2.1 million
The philosophy of the Prison Reform Trust are similar to what?
The aims - reduced use of prisons, people in prison entitled to certain rights
Women in Prison value social justice and feminism, what does this mean?
Achieving equality for women and girls in the CJS
Women in Prison value independence and trust, who is this from?
Women who they depend on
Women in Prison value dedication to changing lives and the world, what does this mean?
Utilising the strength of women
The Prison reform Trust campaign to improve the penal system, what is an example of one of these campaigns?
Out of Trouble Campaign
What does the Out of Trouble campaign see to do?
To reduce the number of children and young people in prison
What does the Out for Good- Lessons of the Future campaign see to do?
Secure employment for prisoners on release
What does Women In Prison campaign to do?
End the harm of prison and demonstrate there is another way
What is the Women In Prison campaigning based on?
Whilst prison and the CJS harms women and families, it also harms men, victims, and communities
