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BEHP 5003 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Response

movement cycle

A

An instance or occurrence of a target behavior that

has a distinct beginning and end.

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2
Q

Permanent products

A

“A change in the environment produced by a
behavior that lasts long enough for measurement to
take place.”

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3
Q

Continuous (direct) response measures

A

“Directly measure a dimensional quantity of

behavior.”

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4
Q

Discontinuous (indirect) response measures

A

Measure a dimensionless quantity of behavior.

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5
Q

Types of continuous response measures

A
  • Event recording (frequency recording)
  • Latency recording
  • Duration recording (per occurrence or total)
  • IRT recording
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6
Q

Event recording (frequency recording)

A 
A continuous (direct) response measure which
measures rate.
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7
Q

Latency recording

A 
A continuous (direct) response measure which
measures latency.
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8
Q

Duration recording

A 
A continuous (direct) response measure which
measures duration.
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9
Q

Types of duration recording

A
  • Duration per occurrence

* Total duration

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10
Q

IRT recording

A 
A continuous (direct) response measure which
measures IRT.
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11
Q

Types of discontinuous response measures

A
  • Percent occurrence (and % correct)
  • Trials to criterion
  • Discrete categorization (coding)
  • Partial interval recording
  • Whole interval recording
  • Momentary time sampling
  • PLACHECK
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12
Q

Percent occurrence

A

A discontinuous (indirect) response measure which
measures the percentage of times a target behavior
occurs when an opportunity is presented for its
occurrence.

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13
Q

Trials to criterion

A

A discontinuous (indirect) response measure which
measures the number of consecutive opportunities to
respond, required to achieve a performance standard.

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14
Q

Discrete categorization (coding)

A

A discontinuous (indirect) response measure in which
responses are classified into discrete categories (e.g.,
severity codes, duration codes, independence codes,
etc.), and a percentage of these response categories
is obtained.

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15
Q

Partial interval recording

A 
A discontinuous (indirect) response measure which
measures the percentage of intervals in which a
target behavior occurred at any time during an
interval.
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16
Q

Whole interval recording

A 
A discontinuous (indirect) response measure which
measures the percentage of intervals in which a
target response occurred for the total duration of an
interval.
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17
Q

Momentary time sampling

A 
A discontinuous (indirect) response measure which
measures the percentage of intervals in which a
target response was occurring at the end of an
interval.
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18
Q

PLACHECK (Planned Activity Check)

A

A discontinuous (indirect) response measure which
measures the percentage of individuals that were
engaged in a target response at the end of an interval
of time.

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19
Q

Considerations in selecting response

measures

A

• Which dimensions are you interested in?
• What are the logistics involved in collecting data
(e.g., where is data going to be collected, who is
going to collect data, etc.)

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20
Q

Inter-observer agreement (IOA)

A

“The coefficient of agreement between two or more

independent observers.”

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21
Q

Formulas to calculate inter-observer

agreement

A
  • (Smaller/larger) x100

* (Agreements/agreements + disagreements) x100.

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22
Q

How to establish adequate inter-observer

agreement

A
  • Good response definitions
  • Train observers
  • Test observer agreement
  • Frequent observer evaluation
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23
Q

Property

A

“A fundamental quality of a phenomenon.”

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24
Q

Dimensional quantity

A

“A quantifiable aspect of a property.”

25
Fundamental properties of behavior
``` • Temporal locus • Temporal extent • Repeatability • The combination of temporal locus and temporal extent ```
26
Dimensional quantities of behavior
* Latency * Duration * Countability * Inter-response time * Rate * Celeration (acceleration or deceleration)
27
Temporal locus
“A response occurs at a certain point in time in | relation to a preceding environmental event.”
28
Temporal Extent
“A response occupies time.”
29
Repeatability
“A response can reoccur.”
30
Latency
“The amount of time between a stimulus and a | response.”
31
Duration
“The amount of time between the beginning and the | end of the response cycle.”
32
Countability (frequency)
“The number of responses or the number of cycles | of the response class.”
33
Inter-response time (IRT)
“The time between two successive responses; Usually, the time elapsed between the end of a response cycle and the beginning of the next response cycle.”
34
Rate
“The ratio of the number of responses over some | period of time.”
35
Celeration
Changes in rate over time. Usually, increases (acceleration) or decreases (deceleration) in rate over time.
36
Reliability
“The consistency of measurement.”
37
Validity
“The extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and to the reason(s) for measuring it.”
38
Accuracy
The correspondence between observed instances | and “true” values.
39
Graph
“Relatively simple visual formats for displaying data.”
40
Types of graphic displays
* Bar graph (histogram) * Cumulative record * Equal-interval line graph * Semi-logarithmic graph
41
Bar graph (histogram)
• Used for summarizing and comparing data for different groups of subjects and/or different conditions. • Used to compare sets of data which are not related to one another by a common underlying dimension by which the horizontal axis can be scaled. That is, the data are discrete.
42
Cumulative record
“A type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis; the steeper the slope of the data path, the greater the response rate.”
43
Cumulative recorder
“A device that automatically draws cumulative records (graphs) that show the rate of response in real time; each time a response is emitted, a pen moves upward across paper that continuously moves at a constant speed.”
44
Equal-interval line graph
It is the most common graphic format for displaying data in Applied Behavior Analysis.” Permits the display of level, trend and variability. Interpretation is a function of the way data is displayed.
45
Semi-logarithmic graph
“A two-dimensional graph with a logarithmic scaled y axis so that equal distances on the vertical axis represent changes in behavior that are of equal proportions.
46
Uses of equal-interval line graphs
* Track client’s progress * Evaluate effectiveness of interventions * Present results of functional analyses
47
Interpreting graphs
• Did a significant change in one of the dimensions of the target behavior occur between one phase/condition and the next? • Was the change due to the manipulation? How certain are we?
48
Considerations during visual analysis of data
* Number of data points * Level and mean shift (in level) * Variability * Trend
49
Level
The value on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavioral measures converge (mean or median).
50
Trend
“The overall direction taken by the data path.”
51
Variability
“The extent to which measures of behavior under the same environmental conditions diverge from one another.”
52
Scatter plot
A data collection form for problem behavior and the intervals of time behaviors occurred. It provides a graphic display of data in a grid format. It is used to identify patterns of responding in natural settings.
53
Bounce
Variability
54
The Standard Celeration Chart
“A multiply-divide chart with six base- 10 (or x10, ÷10) cycles n the vertical axis that can accommodate response rates as low as 1 per 24 hours (0.000695 per minute) to as high as 1,000 per minute. It enables the standardized charting of celeration, a factor by which rate of behavior multiplies or divides per unit of time.” Houghton and Lindsley (1970)
55
Precision Teaching
Instructional decision-making system predicated on the position that: • Learning is best measured as a change in response rate • Learning most often occurs through proportional changes in behavior • Past changes in performance can project future learning.
56
True value
A measure obtained by procedures that are independent of and different from procedures that produced the data being evaluated and for which the researcher has taken “special or extraordinary precautions to insure that all possible sources of error have been avoided or removed.”
57
Celeration line
- At least 6 data points 1. Count number of total days 2. Split in half 3. Split in half again 4. Mark middle data point on middle day in each half 5. Connect two pints in step 4.
58
Ignore days vs. no opportunity days
Ignored day = bx occurred, no data collection, connect on graph No chance = no opportunity for bx, do not connect
59
Record floor
Longest duration a response can occur in an observation period

BEHP 5003 (7 decks)

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