Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The body’s response to infection, invasion, allergies, or cancer

A

Immunology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 major immune pathways

A
  1. innate response

2. adaptive response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

repeat infections are cleared by which immune response

A

adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which immune response is triggered first always?

A

innate response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

adaptive response

A

triggered by the innate response and is specialized and long lasting (like the seal team 6 of the immune system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which immune response responds the same every time?

A

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which cells are red in color?

A

Red Blood Cells - the only cell in the body with color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

These types of Myeloid progenitors help with allergy and parasite response

A

basophils, eosinophils, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells are what type of progenitors?

A

Lymphoid Progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Kills antibody coated cells and virus infected or tumor cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Produces antibody and presents antigen

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

has CD4 and CD8

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CD4

A

T cell that promotes immune response and activates B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CD8

A

T cell that kills viral, tumor, nonself cells (police of your cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phagocytose (eat, envelope) and kill bacteria

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Best antigen presenters, typically trigger T cell response

A

Dendritic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

initiates inflammatory, antibacterial response with antiviral and antitumor activity

A

Macrophages (Big Eater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Thymus and Bone Marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Bone Marrow, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where is lymphoid tissue located?

A

lungs, intestinal tract, and urogenital tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

messengers between immune cells and important for initiating immune system

A

cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when the cells spread apart to allow things to flow through the tissue after inflammatory response

A

vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

caused by increased blood volume at injury

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when leukocytes make it to an inflammatory site, they only phagocyte what?

A

Unknown or foreign microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

type of cytokines that are chemo attractants to site of damage or infection

A

chemokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Signs of illness are signs of what?

A

Healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

aposis

A

cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

phagocyte types

A

neutrophils, macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

phagocytosis process

A
  • bacteria is ingested, forming phagosome
  • phagosome fuses with lysosome
  • lysosome enzymes digest material
  • digestion products are released from the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cells that can produce long acting memory cells

A

B cells and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Plasma cells secrete what?

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T cells only recognize proteins, so they can only activate B cells against protein antigens - T/F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

When antibodies bind to microbes or toxins, blocking them from interracting with target (body guard)

A

Neutralization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When antibodies bind to a microbe, making it more likely to be destroyed by phagocytes

A

opsonization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

when antibodies bind together several microbes, making them easier to clear from body

A

agglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the process of stimulating protective adaptive immune response against microbes by exposure to nonpathogenic forms or components of microbes

A

vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

2 types of vaccination

A
  1. attenuated

2. subunit/ conjugate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Attenuated vaccines

A
  • can’t infect the host but still retain antigens needed for a successful human response
  • can passage a microbe through another organism like a mouse until it won’t infect human cells
  • can mutate genome of microbe so that its virulence factors are non-functioning but still present for immune recognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Subunit/ Conjugate Vaccines

A
  • Antigens are separated from microbe and injected into host to trigger immune response
  • inactivated toxins can be used in vaccines
  • polysaccarides do not trigger T cell responses
  • conjugating a polysaccharide with a protein will activate T cells and stimulate maturation of antibodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cholera vaccine is what?

A

A live, attenuated vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Causative agent for strep throat and is usually part of normal microbial flora, commonly found in upper respiratory tract

A

Stretococcus Pyogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Streptococcus Pnemoniae causes what?

A

Pnemonia
drug resistance is common
gram positive, covered in a capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

causative bacteria agent for whooping cough or kennel cough in dogs

A

Bordetella Pertussis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Causative bacteria for TB?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why are TB infections increasing?

A

Drug resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

By airborne droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

2 types of TB infections

A
  1. primary - hypersensitizes patient to bacteria and can be tested with tb skin test
  2. postprimary - chronic tb resulting in gradual spread of tb lesions in lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

T/F - A positive TB skin test result does not mean the patient has an active infection

A

True

50
Q

TB treatment

A

vaccine is called BCG (Bacillus Calmette - Guerin)
hospitalization of infected patient in a negative pressurized room
antimicrobial therapy - 9 month process

51
Q

Respiratory Airborne Diseases

A

streptococcal diseases like strep, pnemonia, scarlet fever
Whooping cough
Tuberculosis

52
Q

Which viral diseases have been effectively controlled due to vaccines?

A

Smallpox and Rabies…..examples

53
Q

Meningitis can be caused by what?

A

Bacteria, fungus, virus, or protist

54
Q

meningitis

A
  • non- respiratory airborne

- inflames the meninges, which are membranes that line the central nervous system, spinal cord, and brain

55
Q

most common type of meningitis, often in areas where people live close like army, college campus, prison

A

Meningococcal meningitis

56
Q

varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes what?

A

Chickenpox and Shingles (Herpes virus)

57
Q

most common infectious diseases

A

colds

  • rhinoviruses positive single stranded RNA
  • most antivirals are not affective
58
Q

Influenza is caused by what?

A

RNA virus

59
Q

3 types of influenza

A

A, B, C with A being most important human pathogen

60
Q

T/ F - Innate immune response responds the same way every time it sees a particular pathogen

A

True

61
Q

Which cells generate antibodies?

A

B Cells

62
Q

B cells mature where?

A

Bone Marrow

63
Q

Which cell type is typically the one to present antigen to B and T cells?

A

Dendritic Cells

64
Q

Which is not a secondary lymphoid organ? Thymus, peyers patches, lymph node, spleen

A

Thymus

65
Q

T/ F - Neisseria meningitis causes meningococcemia

A

True

66
Q

Respiratory diseases are spread through what vehicle?

A

Aerosol droplets like airborne pathogens

67
Q

T/ F - Memory T cells are important for vaccine function

A

True

68
Q

Which infection does not have a vaccine?
Streptococcus Pyogenes
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Varicella - Zoster Virus

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes

69
Q

STD’s AKA as

A

Venereal Diseases

70
Q

STD pathogens are generally found where?

A

body fluids from the genitourinary tract that are exchanged during sexual activity

71
Q

gonorrhea and syphilis

A
  • preventable and treatable bacterial STI’s
72
Q

T/F - gonorrhea is usually asymptomatic in women

A

True

73
Q

T/F - syphilis has a low prevalence and exhibits obvious symptoms

A

True

74
Q

Syphilis is very treatable with what?

A

Penicillin

75
Q

causative bactera agent for gonorrhea

A

neisseria gonorrhoae

76
Q

untreated gonorrhea in women can lead to what?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility

77
Q

gonorrhea symptoms in females

A

mild vaginitis

78
Q

gonorrhea symptoms in males

A

painful infection of urethral canal - usually end up in ER and men describe it’s like peeing razors

79
Q

Causative bacteria for syphilis

A

treponema pallidum (spiral bacteria)

80
Q

T/ F - gonorrhea and syphilis are usually transmitted at the same time

A

True

81
Q

Syphilis can be transmitted to who during childbirth?

A

The baby

82
Q

3 stages of syphilis

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary

penicillin is highly effective for primary and secondary infections

83
Q

syphilis used to be called what?

A

The french disease because french prostitutes were known to have it and spread it to soldiers

84
Q

infects epithelial cells around the mouth and lips

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)

85
Q

how is herpes spread?

A

Direct contact or saliva

86
Q

This virus type causes painful blisters on penis of male and cervix, vulva, or vagina on females

A

Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)

87
Q

How is HSV-2 transmitted?

A

Sexual contact and most easily spread when blisters are present

88
Q

How do you cure genital herpes?

A

It’s incurable, but a few drugs are successful in treating symptoms

89
Q

When was AIDS and HIV first identified?

A

1981

90
Q

2 types of AIDS

A
  1. HIV - 1 - more virulent

2. HIV - 2 - less virulent and causes milder AIDS like disease

91
Q

HIV tests

A
  • must wait 2 weeks

- tests detect antibody response

92
Q

HIV treatment

A

0 vaccine
4 classes of drugs delay symptoms
highly active antimicrobial therapy is used (HAART)

93
Q

AIDS/ HIV is caused by a retrovirus - T/F

A

True

94
Q

animal disease transmitted to humans

A

zoonosis

95
Q

how are animal diseases typically transmitted?

A

bites, aerosols, direct contact

96
Q

enzoonotic

A

present endemically in certain populations

97
Q

epizootic

A

with incidences reaching epidemic proportions

98
Q

what are some animal reservoirs for rabies?

A

skunks, coyotes, bats, raccoons

99
Q

how many people die annually from rabies?

A

50,000 usually in developing countries

100
Q

how many people receive post exposure rabies care each year?

A

over one million

101
Q

Causative virus for rabies

A

rhabdovirus (-) strand RNA virus

  • infects cell in central nervous system
  • leads to death if not treated
  • enters body through wound or bite
  • in humans, 9 months may pass before onset of symptoms
102
Q

Rabies symptoms

A

fever, excitation, dilated pupils, excessive salivation, anxiety, fear of swallowing

103
Q

anthropod transmitted diseases

A 
rickettsial disease (bacteria) 
lyme disease 
malaria (protist) 
west nile virus (virus)
plague (bacteria)
104
Q

3 types of ricketssial diseases

A
  1. typhus (lice)
  2. Spotted fever (transmitted by dog and wood ticks and spread by tick feces) (30% mortaility rate without treatment) (Fever, headache, whole body rash, GI problems)
  3. Enlichiosis
105
Q

lyme disease

A
  • spread by deer ticks
  • main reservoirs are deer and field mice
  • caused by borrelia burgdorferi
  • seen in Europe and Asia, but mainly in US
  • 40 - 60 % develop arthritis
  • can cause neurological damage and damage to heart
106
Q

malaria is caused by what?

A

protist disease caused by plasmodium spp

107
Q

vectors for malaria

A

mosquitos

108
Q

malaria is common where?

A

tropical and subtropical regions

109
Q

how many people die annually from malaria?

A

over one million people

110
Q

Does malaria have a vaccine?

A

No

111
Q

This virus causes a 4% mortality rate in humans and 40% in horses

A

West Nile Virus

112
Q

This has caused more human deaths in history than any other infectious disease

A

The plague (bacteria caused)

113
Q

Vectors for the plague

A

fleas

114
Q

Causative bacteria for the plague

A

Yersinia Pestis (Gram negative, rod shaped bacteria)

115
Q

Treatment for plague

A

gentamycin and streptomycin

116
Q

Can the plague be airborne?

A

Yes, it can be airborne with pnemonic plague

117
Q

Is the plague in the US?

A

Yes, it’s endemic in south west and spread by prairie dogs

118
Q

Causative exotoxin agent of tetanus

A

caused by exotoxin produced by clostridium tetanus

119
Q

How does tetanus enter body?

A

Contaminated wound

120
Q

Diseases studied that have a vaccine

A 
Tetanus (exotoxin)
Rabies (Virus)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Influenza (Virus) 
Chickenpox (Virus) 
Meningitis (virus, bacteria, fungal, protist)
Tuberculosis 
Whooping Cough 
Cholera

Microbiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions