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CNPS 433: The Personal and Social Development of the Adult > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define “Psychological DNA”

A

Each person has a constellation of patterns that exist in the psyche

Like DNA, these patterns remain constant throughout life and influence choices made, activities enjoyed, and the way the person interacts with the social environment.

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2
Q

Describe one method of determining one’s Psychological DNA.

A

In-depth analysis of life experiences by examining likes and dislikes.

  • Likes provide insight into the positive nature of our psychological DNA
  • Dislikes demonstrate how we will respond when that potential is interrupted or when that positive nature is thwarted
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3
Q

Provide evidence of personality continuity

A

Rank-Order Stability

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4
Q

Provide evidence of personality change.

A

Mean-level change to personality

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5
Q

Define: Differential Continuity

A

The stability of individuals ‘rank order’ within a group over time.

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6
Q

Define: Mean-level change to personality

A

Refers to changes in a group’s average over time

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7
Q

Define: Mean-level change to personality

A

Refers to changes in a group’s average over time

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8
Q

Describe the ways personality can influence relationships

A

Choice of Relationship

Behaviour with Partners

Influence on Partner’s Behaviour

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9
Q

Define: Self-Determination Theory

A

Personality is based on individuals evolved inner resources for growth and integration.

3 basic needs to self-determination theory

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10
Q

List: The 3 Basic Needs to Self Determination Theory

A

Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness

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11
Q

Name: Two Big 5 Traits positively correlated with achievement

A

Conscientiousness

Openness

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12
Q

According to Bjorklund (2015), what percentage of variance in the Big 5 can be attributed to genetics?

A

20%

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13
Q

Define: Personality

A

Consists of a relatively enduring set of characteristics that define our individuality and affect our interactions with the environment and others.

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14
Q

Define: Traits

A

Individual characteristics which are relatively stable.

Can be measured along a continuum.

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15
Q

Define: Personality States

A

Short-term characteristics of a person. Do not confuse with traits.

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16
Q

Define: Personality Factors

A

Groups of traits that occurs together in individuals

If one scores high in one of the traits, high scores in specific other traits predicted

E.g., The 5-Factor Model

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17
Q

Define: Personality Types

A

Clusters of personality traits form personality types

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18
Q

Describe the 5-factor model

A

Personality theorists were able to group like traits into 5 key factors:

  • Neuroticism
  • Extroversion
  • Openness
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness

Wide support.

19
Q

What causes mean-level changes?

Provide 1 example of a change.

A

maturation,
cohort,
normative age-graded events

  • Neuroticism after adolescence ↓
  • Extroversion in adulthood ↓
  • Openness ↓ after adolescence and adulthood
  • Agreeableness ↑
  • C ↑ from adolescence to young adulthood
20
Q

Explain how individual personality factors can change.

How would it be measured?

A

Intra-Individual Variability:
-Whether the personality traits of an individual remain stable or change.

Measured by:
-Testing an individual at several different points in their life, correlating the scores.

21
Q

Describe the ways personality can influence relationships

A

Choice of Relationship
-People prefer certain types of people

Behaviour with Partners

Influence on Partner’s Behaviour
-Personality evokes certain behaviours from partners.

22
Q

2 Personality Factors that predict poor relationship outcomes:

A

H-Neuroticism

L-Agreeableness

23
Q

Determine relationship between personality and achievement

A

Conscientiousness important predictors for work related achievements

o Integral to completing work on time, paying attention, inhibiting impulsive behaviour
o People choose jobs which fit their personality traits
o These behaviours tend to single people out for promotion
o People who are not conscientious leave high-achievement jobs
o H-Conscientious people tend to do a better job
o Gender differences should be noted

Openness
o More likely to be creative.

24
Q

Relate personality to health experiences

A

• Personality can directly affect body function
-o Hostility & Heart disease

  • Personality can lead directly to behaviours that either undermine or support health
  • Personality may be linked with the type of coping behaviours one would select when confronted with stress
25
Q

Identify ways that interactions with the environment directly influence personality

A

Role changes in young adulthood

Cohort variations
–Childrearing; cultural changes

26
Q

Identify the term for interactions with the environment which indirectly influence personality (Genetics)

A

Person-environment transactions

27
Q

Define: Person-environment transactions

A

Combination of genetic endowment and environmental factors combine to maintain personality traits over the years of adulthood.

28
Q

Name & define the 3 types of ‘Person-environment transactions’

A

Reactive Transactions
• When we react to or interpret an experience in a way that is consistent with our self-concept

Evocative Transactions
• When we behave in a way that elicits reactions from others that confirm our own personality or self-concept

Proactive Transactions
• When we select roles and environmental that best fit our personalities and self-concept

29
Q

Define: Reactive Heritability

A

A process whereby individuals use the qualities they have inherited as a basis to determine strategies for survival and reproduction

30
Q

Relate Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development to personality changes over time.

A

Mean-level variation:

As we age and enter new roles, trait intensity changes.

31
Q

Outline Loevinger’s Stages of Ego Development

A

Unlike Erikson, tasks must be completed before moving on to the next

Impulsive Stage
•	Occurs in small children, prior to self-awareness
•	Narrow emotional range
•	Egocentric
•	Preoccupation with bodily feelings

Self-Protective Stage
• Awareness of impulses
• Preoccupation with taking advantage of others
• Adults in this stage are capable of adaptive behaviour and can be successful in domains of money and power

Conformist Stage
•	Able to identify with reference group
•	Concern for rules
•	Preoccupied with appearances and outward behaviour
•	Limited emotionally

Self-Aware Stage
• Characterized by awareness that there are allowable exceptions to the simple rules of conformists
• Aware they don’t always live up to standards
• Identity separate from group

Conscientious Stage
• Formed own ideals and standards instead of seeking approval
• Inner life expressed with richness and variety
• Relationships are intense
• Long-term goals
o Overly conscientious sometimes
• Goes past adolescence and into adulthood

Individualistic Stage
• Taking a broad view of life as a whole
• Able to consider own developmental process
• Preoccupied with sense of individuality

Autonomous and Integrated Stages
• Begin to see multifaceted nature of the world, not just good & bad.
• Most situations don’t have simple answers
• Ability to see life in the context of wider social concerns

32
Q

True or False:

Higher Education has been found to correlate with Loevinger’s Ego Development.

A

True

33
Q

Differentiate between Vaillant’s defense mechanisms

A

I. High Adaptive Level -Altruism

II. Mental Inhibition -Repression

Level III. Minor Image-Distorting
-Omnipotence

Level IV. Disavowal Level -Denial

V. Major Image-Distorting -Autistic Fantasy

VI. Action Level
-Help-Rejecting Complaining

34
Q

What stage did Vaillant add to Erikson’s model?

A

Career Consolidation (age 30ish)

-Young adults’ intent on establishing their own competence, mastering a craft, or acquiring higher status or a positive reputation

35
Q

Analyze gender crossover for its influences

A

It seems gender roles become less relevant in old age. More likely due to a mix of hormones, social roles, etc.

36
Q

Define: Gender Crossover

A

Relaxation of Gender Roles in the midlife

37
Q

Summarize the approaches of positive psychology

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy
Self-Determination Theory

Examines the motivations of humans. Fundamentally assumes all humans are naturally trying to achieve fulfillment.

38
Q

Define: Deficiency Motives (Maslow)

A

Drives to correct imbalances and maintain homeostasis

Not exclusive to humans

39
Q

Define: Being Motives (Maslow)

A

Self-Actualization motives.

Not exclusive to humans

40
Q

Define: Self-Determination Theory

A

Personality is based on individuals evolved inner resources for growth and integration.

41
Q

Define: Eudaimonia

Self-Determination Theory

A

A sense of integrity and wellbeing

42
Q

Define: Hedonia

Self-Determination Theory

A

Happiness involves the presence of positive feelings

43
Q

Name the 3 basic needs identified in Self-Determination Theory.

A

Competence
• Feeling of effectiveness as one interacts with one’s environment

Autonomy
• Need to feel our actions are of our own volition

Relatedness
• Feeling connected to, cared about, and belonging with significant others in one’s life

CNPS 433: The Personal and Social Development of the Adult (4 decks)

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