Unit 3 Flashcards
Define: Social Roles
Expected behaviours and attitudes that come with one’s position in society
Define: Role Transitions
Roles are neither gained nor lost. They change as individual circumstances change.
Define: Social Timing
The roles we occupy, how long we occupy them, and the order in which we occupy them.
Define: Gender Roles
What men and women actually do in a given culture during a particular historical era.
Define: Gender schema theory
Children are taught to view the world and themselves through gender-polarized lenses that make artificial or exaggerated distinctions between what is masculine and what is feminine.
Define: Social Role Theory on Gender
Gender roles are the result of young children observing the actual division of labour within their culture. Thus, learning what society expects of them as men and women, and then following these expectations.
Define: Proximal Causes
Factors that are present in the immediate environment
Define: Distal Causes
Factors present in the past.
Define: Gender Stereotypes
Sets of shared beliefs of generalizations about what all men and women in a society have in common.
Often extending to what members of each gender ought to do and how they should behave.
Define: Generalized Other (Symbolic Interactionism)
Sense of self in the terms of society or other people in general sense.
According to Mead (Symbolic Interactionism), The Self is made up of 2 components:
The “I”
• The moment-by-moment experiencing of thoughts and feelings
The “me”
• The individual’s self-concept
Both facets constantly interact with each other
Define: ‘Symbols’ (Symbolic Interactionism)
Facilitate interaction between experiences and self-concept.
- E.g., Language
- Allow for communication with others and the ability to think about oneself from an objective perspective. -Social Roles, characteristics and labels that exist in society are communicated and internalized.
Define: Possible Selves (Amundson)
Name 2 purposes for possible selves.
Future projections of the self and can be either “hoped-for” or “feared,”
- Motivators for future behaviours and goals
- Provide evaluative and interpretive context for the current view of self.
Define: Biographical Disruption
A marked deviation from one’s expected life trajectory
E.g., Disability prior to old age.
E.g., Attending rehab before graduating high school.
Name the 3 models related to Adjustment/Response to Disability
Stage Theory Model of Adjustment
Social Moratorium Model
Cognitive Restructuring Model
Define: Stage Theory Model of Adjustment
This model is similar to Kubler Ross stage theory of death and loss.
o It involves shock, denial, anger, and acceptance.
o Acknowledges that disability (as opposed to death) invokes prejudice and discrimination.
o People may skip stages or return to previous ones.
Define: Social Moratorium Model
This model focuses on the post-onset period during which people take time away from their usual responsibilities and focus on re-defining themselves
Define: Cognitive Restructuring Model
Acceptance of disability requires:
- Enlargement of the scope of values that are not in conflict with the disability
- Re-focusing away from physical ability and appearance to other aspects of self-unaffected by disability such as intellect, personality, and spirit
- Creating a new definition of normality and containing the effects of disability
- Focusing on what one can still do, rather than focusing on losses.
Define: Social Clock
Timeline of the general roles one would assume over the course of their life.
Define: Social Role
Expected behaviours and attitudes that come with one’s position in society
Define: Role Transition
Roles are neither gained nor lost. They change as individual circumstances change.
Define: Social Timing
The roles we occupy, how long we occupy them, and the order in which we occupy them.
Relate life satisfaction to social timing
People who are off-time in their social clock are more likely to have difficulty in their roles and less apt to report high levels of life satisfaction
Explain the existence and impact of gender roles
- Gender schema theory
- Social Role Theory on Gender
- Gender Stereotypes
Define: Boomerang Kids
Kids who leave parents home and later return
Define: Parental Investment Theory
Women and men evolved different gender role behaviours and interests due to differences in how much time and resources they invest in each child.
Labour of childbearing results in greater investment from the woman.
Define: Economic Exchange Theory
Family is a contractual arrangement. Woman deals with kids; man deals with resources.
Define: Gender Ideology
How a couple (man particular) understands gender predicts how roles are defined.
Identify influences on young adult independence.
Entering new cultures & environments
Financial Independence
Starting a family
Moving out
Biological parenthood predicts… (A)
Gender ideology predicts… (B)
A) Child-care/breadwinner aspec
B) chore distributions
Define: “Parental Emergency” (Gutmann)
The task of childcare causes parents to adhere closely to gender roles.
The end of childcare predicts reduction in gender roles.
Not supported by research
Compare grandparenting today to grandparenting in the past
Today’s Grandparent
o Rich
o Healthy
o Live near grandchildren and see them often
Define: Grandfamilies
When grandparent assumes role of parent.
Define: Healthy Caregiver Hypothesis
The healthiest family member is most likely to do the caregiving.
Relevant when reviewing health outcomes of caregivers.
True or False:
It is more common for elderly men to live alone
False.
Men tend to die before their wives.
Define: Aging in place
The ability of older people to remain in their homes their whole lives
Not necessarily the same home, but to be independent and spend one’s later years in a place of their own.
Describe challenges associated with receiving care
Unable to live on own
Wish to remain independent
Elder Abuse
- From Family
- Partners
- Institutions
Caregiving even older adults
Describe Experiences of lifelong singles
Reasons (for men) include:
- Shyness
- Career-focus
Qualities of women:
o More educated
o Higher incomes than men who don’t marry
o Desire man with secure job
Most still are able to form social network for caregiving
Relate child-free experiences to sociocultural expectations
Infertility:
-Feelings of loss, mistrust in one’s body, and absence of hope in the future
Focus on career
Concern for care when they are old
Lack of family milestones to celebrate
Name and define the 3 Stepmother Roles
Mothering, but not mother
o Serving as a responsible and caring adult, a friend, a provider of emotional support, or a mentor.
Other-Focused
o Serving as a liaison or buffer between the biological parents.
Outsider
o No direct role with stepchildren
Are ideal or feared selves more common?
Ideal
Feared selves decreased with age as well.
What are the characteristics of possible selves when an individual has low life satisfaction?
More personal selves generated
Generating these selves could be due to dissatisfaction with current status
-Looking for what’s missing in their lives
Lonely-self more common
More extreme selves
-Rape-Victim, Criminal, etc.
Most common feared self?
Physical Category (Disability & Attractiveness)
Define: ego disequilibrium (Erikson)
Result of wanting to progress to the next developmental stage while desiring the security and familiarity of the present stage.
Model of Diverging Pathways
Idea that people can reach the same goals through different pathways
