Unit 4 Flashcards
differentiation
process by which behaviors and psychical structures become more specialized
failure to thrive
disorder of impaired growth in infancy and early childhood characterized by failure to gain weight within normal limits
marasums
a wasted, potentially lethal body condition caused by inadequate nutrition and characterized by painful thinness
canalization
the tendency of growth rates to return to genetically determined patterns after undergoing environmentally induced change
kwashiorkor
a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which the body may break down its own reserves of protein, resulting in enlargement of the stomach, swollen feet, and other symptoms
nerves
bundles of axons from many neurons
neurons
nerve cells; cells found in the nervous system that transmit messages
dendrites
the rootlike parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons
axon
a long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons through small branching structures called axon terminals
neurotransmitter
a chemical substance that makes possible the transmission of neural impulses form one neuron to another
myelin sheath
a fatty, white substance that encases and insulates neurons, permitting more rapid transmission of neural impulses
myelination
the process by which axons are coated with myelin
multiple sclerosis
a disorder in which myelin is replaced by hard, fibrous tissue that impedes neural transmission
medulla
an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in heartbeat and respiration
cerebellum
the part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance
cerebrum
the large mass of the forebrain, which consists of two hemispheres
ulnar grasp
a method of grasping objects in which the fingers close somewhat clumsily against the palm
pincer grasp
the use of the opposing thumb to grasp objects between the thumb and other fingers
locomotion
movement from one place to another
toddler
a child who walks with short, uncertain steps; around 12 months to 30 months, bridges infancy and early childhood
sensation
the stimulation of sensory organs, such as the eyes, ears, and skin, and the transition of sensory information to the brain
perception
the process by which sensations are organized into a mental map of the world
perceptual constancy
the tendency to perceive objects as the same even though they sensations produced by them may different when, they differ in position or distance
size constancy
the tendency to perceive objects as being the same size even though the sizes of their images on the retina may differ as a result of distance
shape constancy
the tendency to perceive objects as being the same shape even though the shapes of their images on the retina may differ from the objects are viewed form different positions
habituation
process in which one becomes used to a repeated stimulus and therefore pays less attention to it
Cephalocaudal Development
- head to lower parts
- head develops more rapidly than rest of body
Proximodistal Development
develop trunk outward
scheme
according to Piaget, an action pattern (such as a reflex) or mental structure that is involved in the acquisition or organization of knowledge
assimilation
according to Piaget, the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes
accommodation
according to Piaget, the modification of existing chasms in order to incorporate new events or knowledge
primary circular reactions
the repetition of actions that first occurred by chance and that focus on the infant’s own body
secondary circular reactions
the repetition of actions that produce an effect on the environment
tertiary circular reactions
the purposeful adaptation of established schemes to new situations
object permanence
recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are not seen
deferred imitation
the imitation of people and events that were encountered or experienced hours, days, or week sin the past
visual recognition memory
the kind of memory shown in an infant’s ability to discriminate previously seen objects from novel objects
prelinguistic
referring to vocalizations made nu the infant before the development of language
cooing
prelinguistic, articulated vowel-like sounds that appear to reflect feelings of positive excitement
babbling
the child’s first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech
echolalia
automatic repetition of sounds or words
intonation
the use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning
receptive vocabulary
the sum totally of the words whose meanings one understands
expressive vocabulary
the sum total of the words that one can use in the production of language
referential language style
use of language primarily as a means for labeling objects
expressive language style
use of language primarily as a means for engaging in social interactions
overextension
use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended or inappropriate
telegraphic speech
type of speech in which only the essential words are used
mean length of utterance
the average number of morphemes used in an utterance
morpheme
smallest unit of meaning in language
holophrase
a single word that is used to express complex meanings
syntax
the rules in a language for placing words in the proper order to form meaningful sentences
models
in learning theory, those whose behaviors are imitated by others
extinction
the decrease and eventual disappearance of a response in the absence of reinforcement
shaping
in learning theory, the gradual building of complex behavior patterns through reinforcement of successive approximations of the target behavior
psycholinguistic theory
the view that language learning involves an interaction between environmental influences and an inborn tendency to acquire language (emphasis on the inborn tendency)
language acquisition device
in psycholinguistic theory, neural “prewriting” that facilitates the child’s learning of grammar
surface structure
the superficial grammatical construction of a sentence
deep structure
the underlying meaning of a sentence
sensitive period
in linguistic theory, the period from about 18 months to puberty when the brain is thought to be especially capable of learning language because of its plasticity
ASL
communication of meaning through the use of symbols that are formed by moving the hands and arms; the language used by some deaf people
aphasia
a disruption in the ability to understand or produce language
Broca’s aphasia
a form of aphasia caused by damage to Broca’s area and characterized by slow, laborious speech
Wernicke’s aphasia
a from of aphasia caused by damage to Wernicke’s area and characterized by impaired comprehension of speech and difficulty in attempting to produce the right word
emergentist theory of language development
the view that the child’s complex abilities to understand and produce language merge from simpler processes that are biological, cognitive, and social in nature
attachment
an affectional bond between individuals characterized by seeking of closeness or contact and a show of distress upon separation
separation anxiety
fear of being separated from a target of attachment, usually a primary caregiver
secure attachment
a type of attachment characterized by showing mild distress at leave-takings, seeking nearness to an attachment figure, and being readily soothed by this figure
avoidant attachment
a type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indifference to the leave-takings of, and reunions with, an attachment figure
ambivalent/resistant attachment
a type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at the leave-takings of, and ambivalent behavior at reunion with, and attachment figure
disorganized-disoriented attachment
a type of insecure attachment characterized by dazed and contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure
indiscriminate attachment
the display of attachment behaviors toward any person
initial pre-attachment phase
the first phase in the formation of bonds of attachment, lasting from birth to about 3 months of age and characterized by indiscriminate attachment
attachment-in-the-making phase
the second phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 3 or 4 months of age and characterized by preference for familiar figures
clear-cut attachment phase
the third phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 6 or 7 months of age and characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver
contact comfort
the pleasure derived from physical contact with another; a hypothesized need or drive for physical contact with another
social smile
a smile that occurs in response to a human voice or face
autism spectrum disorders
developmental disorders that are characterized by impaired communication skills, poor social interactions, and repetitive, stereotyped behavior
autism
and characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior
mutism
inability or refusal to speak
echolalia
the automatic repetition of sounds or words
emotion
a state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components
differential emotions theory
Izard’s view that the major emotions are distinct at birth but emerge gradually in accord with maturation and the child’s developing needs
stranger anxiety
a fear of unfamiliar people that emerges between 6 and 9 months of age
social referencing
using another person’s reaction to a situation to form one’s own assessment of it
emotional regulation
techniques for controlling one’s emotional states
personality
an individual’s distinctive ways of responding to people and events
self-concept
one’s impression of oneself; self-awareness
temperament
individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life
goodness of fit
agreement between the parents’ expectations of, or demands on, the child and the child’s temperamental characteristics
