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Child Psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

differentiation

A

process by which behaviors and psychical structures become more specialized

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2
Q

failure to thrive

A

disorder of impaired growth in infancy and early childhood characterized by failure to gain weight within normal limits

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3
Q

marasums

A

a wasted, potentially lethal body condition caused by inadequate nutrition and characterized by painful thinness

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4
Q

canalization

A

the tendency of growth rates to return to genetically determined patterns after undergoing environmentally induced change

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5
Q

kwashiorkor

A

a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which the body may break down its own reserves of protein, resulting in enlargement of the stomach, swollen feet, and other symptoms

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6
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons from many neurons

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7
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells; cells found in the nervous system that transmit messages

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8
Q

dendrites

A

the rootlike parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons

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9
Q

axon

A

a long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons through small branching structures called axon terminals

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10
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical substance that makes possible the transmission of neural impulses form one neuron to another

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11
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty, white substance that encases and insulates neurons, permitting more rapid transmission of neural impulses

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12
Q

myelination

A

the process by which axons are coated with myelin

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13
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

a disorder in which myelin is replaced by hard, fibrous tissue that impedes neural transmission

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14
Q

medulla

A

an oblong area of the hindbrain involved in heartbeat and respiration

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15
Q

cerebellum

A

the part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance

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16
Q

cerebrum

A

the large mass of the forebrain, which consists of two hemispheres

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17
Q

ulnar grasp

A

a method of grasping objects in which the fingers close somewhat clumsily against the palm

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18
Q

pincer grasp

A

the use of the opposing thumb to grasp objects between the thumb and other fingers

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19
Q

locomotion

A

movement from one place to another

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20
Q

toddler

A

a child who walks with short, uncertain steps; around 12 months to 30 months, bridges infancy and early childhood

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21
Q

sensation

A

the stimulation of sensory organs, such as the eyes, ears, and skin, and the transition of sensory information to the brain

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22
Q

perception

A

the process by which sensations are organized into a mental map of the world

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23
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the tendency to perceive objects as the same even though they sensations produced by them may different when, they differ in position or distance

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24
Q

size constancy

A

the tendency to perceive objects as being the same size even though the sizes of their images on the retina may differ as a result of distance

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25
Q

shape constancy

A

the tendency to perceive objects as being the same shape even though the shapes of their images on the retina may differ from the objects are viewed form different positions

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26
Q

habituation

A

process in which one becomes used to a repeated stimulus and therefore pays less attention to it

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27
Q

Cephalocaudal Development

A
  • head to lower parts

- head develops more rapidly than rest of body

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28
Q

Proximodistal Development

A

develop trunk outward

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29
Q

scheme

A

according to Piaget, an action pattern (such as a reflex) or mental structure that is involved in the acquisition or organization of knowledge

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30
Q

assimilation

A

according to Piaget, the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes

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31
Q

accommodation

A

according to Piaget, the modification of existing chasms in order to incorporate new events or knowledge

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32
Q

primary circular reactions

A

the repetition of actions that first occurred by chance and that focus on the infant’s own body

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33
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

the repetition of actions that produce an effect on the environment

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34
Q

tertiary circular reactions

A

the purposeful adaptation of established schemes to new situations

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35
Q

object permanence

A

recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are not seen

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36
Q

deferred imitation

A

the imitation of people and events that were encountered or experienced hours, days, or week sin the past

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37
Q

visual recognition memory

A

the kind of memory shown in an infant’s ability to discriminate previously seen objects from novel objects

38
Q

prelinguistic

A

referring to vocalizations made nu the infant before the development of language

39
Q

cooing

A

prelinguistic, articulated vowel-like sounds that appear to reflect feelings of positive excitement

40
Q

babbling

A

the child’s first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech

41
Q

echolalia

A

automatic repetition of sounds or words

42
Q

intonation

A

the use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning

43
Q

receptive vocabulary

A

the sum totally of the words whose meanings one understands

44
Q

expressive vocabulary

A

the sum total of the words that one can use in the production of language

45
Q

referential language style

A

use of language primarily as a means for labeling objects

46
Q

expressive language style

A

use of language primarily as a means for engaging in social interactions

47
Q

overextension

A

use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended or inappropriate

48
Q

telegraphic speech

A

type of speech in which only the essential words are used

49
Q

mean length of utterance

A

the average number of morphemes used in an utterance

50
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit of meaning in language

51
Q

holophrase

A

a single word that is used to express complex meanings

52
Q

syntax

A

the rules in a language for placing words in the proper order to form meaningful sentences

53
Q

models

A

in learning theory, those whose behaviors are imitated by others

54
Q

extinction

A

the decrease and eventual disappearance of a response in the absence of reinforcement

55
Q

shaping

A

in learning theory, the gradual building of complex behavior patterns through reinforcement of successive approximations of the target behavior

56
Q

psycholinguistic theory

A

the view that language learning involves an interaction between environmental influences and an inborn tendency to acquire language (emphasis on the inborn tendency)

57
Q

language acquisition device

A

in psycholinguistic theory, neural “prewriting” that facilitates the child’s learning of grammar

58
Q

surface structure

A

the superficial grammatical construction of a sentence

59
Q

deep structure

A

the underlying meaning of a sentence

60
Q

sensitive period

A

in linguistic theory, the period from about 18 months to puberty when the brain is thought to be especially capable of learning language because of its plasticity

61
Q

ASL

A

communication of meaning through the use of symbols that are formed by moving the hands and arms; the language used by some deaf people

62
Q

aphasia

A

a disruption in the ability to understand or produce language

63
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

a form of aphasia caused by damage to Broca’s area and characterized by slow, laborious speech

64
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

a from of aphasia caused by damage to Wernicke’s area and characterized by impaired comprehension of speech and difficulty in attempting to produce the right word

65
Q

emergentist theory of language development

A

the view that the child’s complex abilities to understand and produce language merge from simpler processes that are biological, cognitive, and social in nature

66
Q

attachment

A

an affectional bond between individuals characterized by seeking of closeness or contact and a show of distress upon separation

67
Q

separation anxiety

A

fear of being separated from a target of attachment, usually a primary caregiver

68
Q

secure attachment

A

a type of attachment characterized by showing mild distress at leave-takings, seeking nearness to an attachment figure, and being readily soothed by this figure

69
Q

avoidant attachment

A

a type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indifference to the leave-takings of, and reunions with, an attachment figure

70
Q

ambivalent/resistant attachment

A

a type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at the leave-takings of, and ambivalent behavior at reunion with, and attachment figure

71
Q

disorganized-disoriented attachment

A

a type of insecure attachment characterized by dazed and contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure

72
Q

indiscriminate attachment

A

the display of attachment behaviors toward any person

73
Q

initial pre-attachment phase

A

the first phase in the formation of bonds of attachment, lasting from birth to about 3 months of age and characterized by indiscriminate attachment

74
Q

attachment-in-the-making phase

A

the second phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 3 or 4 months of age and characterized by preference for familiar figures

75
Q

clear-cut attachment phase

A

the third phase in the development of attachment, occurring at 6 or 7 months of age and characterized by intensified dependence on the primary caregiver

76
Q

contact comfort

A

the pleasure derived from physical contact with another; a hypothesized need or drive for physical contact with another

77
Q

social smile

A

a smile that occurs in response to a human voice or face

78
Q

autism spectrum disorders

A

developmental disorders that are characterized by impaired communication skills, poor social interactions, and repetitive, stereotyped behavior

79
Q

autism

A

and characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behavior

80
Q

mutism

A

inability or refusal to speak

81
Q

echolalia

A

the automatic repetition of sounds or words

82
Q

emotion

A

a state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components

83
Q

differential emotions theory

A

Izard’s view that the major emotions are distinct at birth but emerge gradually in accord with maturation and the child’s developing needs

84
Q

stranger anxiety

A

a fear of unfamiliar people that emerges between 6 and 9 months of age

85
Q

social referencing

A

using another person’s reaction to a situation to form one’s own assessment of it

86
Q

emotional regulation

A

techniques for controlling one’s emotional states

87
Q

personality

A

an individual’s distinctive ways of responding to people and events

88
Q

self-concept

A

one’s impression of oneself; self-awareness

89
Q

temperament

A

individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life

90
Q

goodness of fit

A

agreement between the parents’ expectations of, or demands on, the child and the child’s temperamental characteristics

Child Psychology (5 decks)

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