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Child Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

child

A

a person undergoing the period of development from infancy through puberty

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2
Q

infancy

A

a period of very early childhood, characterized by lack of complex speech; the first two years after birth

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3
Q

early childhood

A

2 to 5 years old

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4
Q

middle childhood

A

6 to 12 years old

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5
Q

development

A

processes by which organisms unfold features and traits, grow, and become more complex and specialized in structure and function

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6
Q

growth

A

processes by which organisms increase in size, weight, strength, and other traits as they develop

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7
Q

child development

A

field of study that tries to understand the processes the govern the appearance and growth of children’s biological structures, psychological traits, behavior, understanding, and ways of adapting to the demands of life

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8
Q

Why do researchers study child development?

A
  • gain insight into the nature of human nature
  • gain insight into the origins of adult behavior
  • gain insight into the origins of sex differences and gender roles, and into the effects of culture on development
  • gain insight into the origins, prevention, and treatment of developmental problems
  • optimize conditions of development
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9
Q

behaviorism

A

Watson’s view that a science/theory of development must study observable behavior only and investigate relationships

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10
Q

theory

A

formation of relationships underlying observed events; involved assumptions and logically derived explanations and predictions

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11
Q

psychosexual development

A

Freud’s view that as children develop, they find sexual gratification through stimulating different parts of their body

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12
Q

stage theory

A

theory of development characterized by hypothesizing the existence of distinct periods of life and in order

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13
Q

ID

A

present at birth and is unconscious, represents biological drives and demands instant gratification

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14
Q

ego

A

conscious sense of self, begins to develop when children learn to obtain gratification for themselves, curbs ID

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15
Q

superego

A

develops through infancy and early childhood, brings inward the norms and morals

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16
Q

psychosocial development

A

Erikson emphasized the importance of social relationships and conscious choice throughout 8 stages of development

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17
Q

life crisis

A

an internal conflict that attends each stage of psychosocial development

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18
Q

identity crisis

A

an adolescent period of inner conflict during which one examines one’s values and make decisions

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19
Q

classical conditioning

A

simple form of learning int which one stimulus comes to bring forth the response usually elicited by a second stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus

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20
Q

stimulus

A

change in the environments that leads to a change in behavior

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21
Q

operant conditioning

A

an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced

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22
Q

reinforcement

A

process of providing stimuli following a behavior, which has the effect of increasing the frequency of behavior

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23
Q

positive reinforcer

A

increase the frequency of a behavior (ex: teacher approval of a student studying)

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24
Q

negative reinforcer

A

increases the frequency of a behavior (ex: teacher disapproval is removed when a student studies)

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25
Q

punishment

A

unpleasant stimulus that suppresses behavior (ex: student gets a detention for talking in class)

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26
Q

shaping

A

procedure for teaching complex behavior patterns by reinforcing small steps toward the target behavior

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27
Q

social cognitive theory

A

emphasizes the role of observation learning in determining behavior

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28
Q

cognitive-developmental theory

A

Piaget’s stage theory that holds that the child’s abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures

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29
Q

scheme

A

an action pattern or mental structure that is involved in the acquisition and organization of knowledge

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30
Q

adaptation

A

an interaction between the organism and environment that consists of assimilation and accommodation

31
Q

assimilation

A

the incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes

32
Q

accommodation

A

modification of existing schemes to permit the incorporation of new event of knowledge

33
Q

equilibration

A

creation of a balance between assimilation and accommodation as a way of incorporating new events

34
Q

ethology

A

study of behaviors that area specific to a species; how these behaviors evolved, adapt, and develop during critical periods

35
Q

imprinting

A

process by which some animals exhibit attachment in response to a releasing stimulus; occurs during critical periods

36
Q

ecology

A

branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their environment

37
Q

ecological systems theory

A

explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and their environment

38
Q

microsystem

A

immediate settings with which the child interacts, such as the home, school, and peers

39
Q

mesosystem

A

interlocking settings that influence the child (ex: community and field trips)

40
Q

exosystem

A

community institutions and settings that indirectly influence the child (ex: school board)

41
Q

macrosystem

A

basic institutions and ideologies that influence a child

42
Q

chronosystem

A

environmental changes that occur over time and have an impact on the child

43
Q

zone of proximal development

A

range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled

44
Q

ethnic group

A

groups of people distinguished by their cultural heritage, race, language, and common history

45
Q

socioeconomic status

A

social position as determined mainly by level of income

46
Q

nature

A

processes within an organism that guide it to develop according to its genetic code (cognitive-development and biological theories)

47
Q

nurture

A

processes external to an organism that nourish it as it develops (learning theories)

48
Q

empirical

A

based on observation and experimentation

49
Q

scientific method

A

1) form a research question
2) develop a hypothesis
3) test the hypothesis
4) draw conclusions
5) publish findings

50
Q

genes

A

the basic building blocks of heredity

51
Q

hypothesis

A

specific statement about behavior that is tested by research

52
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a method of scientific observation in which children (and others) are observed in their natural environments

53
Q

case study

A

a carefully drawn biography of the life of an individual

54
Q

standardized test

A

a test of some ability or trait in which an individual’s score is compared to the scores of a group of similar individuals

55
Q

correlation

A

a relationship between variables in which one variable increases as a second variable also increases (positive) or decreases (negative)

56
Q

variables

A

quantities that can vary from child to child or from occasion to occasion, such as height, weight, intelligence, and attention span

57
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that expresses the direction (positive or negative) and strength of the relationship between the two variables

58
Q

positive correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable increases

59
Q

negative correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which one variable decreases as the other variable increases

60
Q

experiment

A

a method of scientific investigation that seeks to discover cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables

61
Q

treatment

A

in an experiment, a condition received by subjects so that its effects may be observed

62
Q

independent variable

A

in a scientific study, the condition that is manipulated (changed) so that its effects can be observed

63
Q

dependent variable

A

in a scientific study, a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable

64
Q

experimental group

A

a group made up of subjects who receive a treatment in an experiment

65
Q

control group

A

a group made up of subjects in an experiment who do not receive the treatment, but for whom all other conditions are comparable to those of subjects in the experimental group

66
Q

longitudinal research

A

the study of developmental processes by taking repeated measures of the same group of children at various stages of development

67
Q

cross-sectional research

A

the study of developmental processes by taking measures of children of different age groups at the same time

68
Q

cohort effect

A

similarities in behavior among a group of peers that stem from the fact that group members are approximately the same age

69
Q

cross-sequential research

A

an approach that combines the longitudinal and cross-sectional methods by following individuals of different ages for abbreviated periods of time

70
Q

time-lag comparison

A

the study of developmental processes by taking measures of children of the same age group at different times

71
Q

naturalistic study

A

when researchers observe children in their natural environment without interfering-such as watching a group of children play on the playground

72
Q

survey

A

help researchers learn about behavior and mental processes that can’t be observed in a natural setting or studied experimentally

73
Q

time-out

A

a behavior-modification technique in which a child who misbehaves is temporarily removed form positive reinforcement

74
Q

scaffolding

A

Vygotsky’s term for temporary cognitive structures ore methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently

Child Psychology (5 decks)

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