Unit 3 Flashcards
term
typical period of time between conception and the birth of a baby
Braxton-Hicks contractions
first (usually painless) contractions of childbirth
prostaglandins
hormones that stimulate uterine contractions
oxytocin
a pituitary hormone that stimulates labor contractions
neonate
a newborn child
efface
to thin
dilate
to widen or enlarge
episiotomy
surgical incision in the area between the birth canal and the anus that widens the vaginal opening, preventing random tearing during childbirth
transition
the initial movement of the head of he fetus into the birth canal
midwife
an individual who helps women in childbirth
anesthesia
a method that produces partial or total loss of the sense of pain
natural childbirth
a method of childbirth in which women use no anesthesia and are educated about childbirth and strategies for coping with discomfort
lamaze method
a method of childbirth in which some are educated about childbirth, learn to relax and breathe in patterns that conserve energy and lessen pain, and have a coach (usually the father) present during childbirth
cesarean section
a method of childbirth in which the neonate is delivered through a surgical incision in the abdomen
anoxia
a condition characterized by lack of oxygen
hypoxia
a condition characterized by less oxygen than is required
schizophrenia
a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood, and by withdrawal and absorption into daydreams or fantasy
breech presentation
a position in which the fetus enters the birth canal buttocks first
preterm
born at or before completion of 37 weeks of gestation
small for dates
a description of neonates who are unusually small for their age
lanugo
fine, downy hair that covers much of the body of neonates, especially preterm babies
vernix
an oily, white substance that coasts the skin of neonates, especially preterm babies
respiratory distress syndrome
a cluster of breathing problems, including weak and irregular breathing, to which preterm babies are particularly prone
incubator
heated, protective container in which premature infants are kept
postpartum period
the time that immediately follows childbirth
postpartum depression
severe, prolonged depression that afflicts 10-20% of women after deliver and that is characterized by sadness, apathy, and feelings of worthlessness
bonding
the process of forming bonds of attachment between parent and child
Apgar scale
a measure of a newborn’s health that assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity level, and respiratory effort
NBAS
Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale
NNS
Neonatal intensive care unit network neurobehavioral scale
reflex
an unlearned, stereotypical response to a stimulus
neural
of the nervous system
rooting reflex
a reflex in which infants turn their mouths and heads in the direction of a stroking of the cheek or corner of the mouth
Moro reflex
a reflex in which infants arch their back, fling out their arms and legs, and draw them back toward the chest in response to a sudden change in position
grasping reflex
a reflex in which infants grasp objects that cause pressure against their palms
stepping reflex
a reflex in which infants take steps when held under the arms by leaning forward so that their feet press agains the ground
Babinski reflex
a reflex in which infants fan their toes when the undersides of their feet are stroked
tonic-neck reflex
a reflex in which infants turn their head to one side, extend the arm and leg on that side, and flex the limbs on the opposite side
visual acuity
keenness of sharpness of vision
visual accommodation
the automatic adjustments made by the lenses of the eyes to bring objects into focus
convergence
the inward movement of the eyes as they focus on an object that is drawing nearer
intensity
brightness
saturation
richness or purity of a color
hue
color
rods
in the eye, rod-shaped receptors of light that are sensitive to intensity only; rods permit black-and-white vision
cones
in the eye, cone-shaped receptors of light that transmit sensations of color
amplitude
maximum vibration of a sound wave; the higher the louder they are
pitch
the highness of lowness of a sound, as determined by the frequency of sound waves
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
periods of sleep during which we are likely to dream, as indicated by rapid eye movements
non-REM sleep
periods of sleep during which we are unlikely to dream
electroencephalograph (EEG)
an instrument that measures electrical activity of the brain
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
- the death, while sleeping, of apparently healthy babies who stop breathing for unknown medical reasons
- usually between the ages of 1 month and 1 year
- risk is reduced if they sleep on their backs and you don’t smoke around them
medulla
part of the brain stem that regulates viral and automatic functions such s breathing and the sleep-wake cycle
serotonin
a neurotransmitter that is involved in the responsiveness of the medulla, emotional response such as depression, and motivation response such as hunger
heredity
the transmission of traits and characteristics from aren’t to child by means of genes
genetics
branch of biology that studies heredity
chromsomes
rod-shaped structures that are composed of genes and found within the nuclei of cells
gene
basic unit of heredity and are composed of DNA
polygenic
resulting from many genes
DNA
genetic material that takes the form of a double helix made up of phosphates, sugars, and bases
zygote
a new cell formed from the union of a sperm and an ovum; a fertilized egg
mitosis
form of cell division in which each chromosome splits lengthwise to double in number, half of each chromosome combines with chemicals to retake its original form and then moves to the new cell
mutation
a sudden variation in a herbal characteristics, caused by an accident that affects the composition of genes
meiosis
the form of cell division in which each pari of chromosomes splits and one member of each pair moves to the new cell, as a result each new cell has 23 chromosomes
autosome
a member of a pair of chromosome (with the exemption of sex chromosome)
sex chromsome
a chromosome in the shape of a Y (male) or an X (female) that determines the sex of the child
monozygotic (MZ) twins
twins the derive from a single zygote that has split into two; identical twins; each MZ twin carries the same genetic code
dizygotic (DZ) twins
twins the eerie form two zygotes; paternal twins
ovulation
the release of an ovum from an ovary
allele
a member of a pair of genes
homozygous
having two identical alleles
heterozygous
having two different alleles
dominant trait
a trait that is expressed
recessive trait
a trait that is not expressed when the gene or fines involved have been paired with dominant genes; transmit to future generations and expressed if they are paired with other recessive genes
carrier
a person who carries and transmits characteristics but does not exhibit them
multifactorial problems
problems that stem from the interaction of heredity and environmental factors
down syndrome
a chromosomal abnormality characterized by intellectual disability and caused by an extra chromosome in the 21st pair
sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities
abnormalities that are transmitted from generation to generation, carried by a sex chromosome, usually an X sex chromosome
Klinefelter syndrome
a chromosomal disorder found among males that is caused buy an extra X sex chromosome and is characterized buy infertility and mild intellectual disability
testosterone
a male sex hormone produced mainly by the testes
Turner syndrome
a chromosomal disorder found among females that is caused by having a single X sex chromosome and is characterized by infertility
estrogen
a female sex hormone produced mainly by the ovaries
phenylketonuria (PKU)
a genetic abnormality in which phenylalanine builds up and causes intellectual disability
Hunting disease
a fatal genetic neurological disorder shoes onset is in middle age
sickle-cell anemia
a genetic disorder that decreases the bloods’ capacity to carry oxygen
Tay-Sachs disease
a fatal genetic neurological disorder in which nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are progressively destroyed
cystic fibrosis
a fatal genetic disorder in which mucus obstructs the lungs and pancreas
hemophilia
a genetic disorder in which blood does not clot properly
sex-linked genetic abnormailites
abnormalities resulting from genes that are found on the X sex chromosome
muscular dystrophy
a chromic disease characterized by a progressive wasting away of the muscles
genetic counseling
advice concerning the probabilities that a couple’s children will show genetic abnormalities
prenatal
before birth
amniocentesis
a procedure for drawing out and examine fatal cells sloughed off into amniotic fluid to determine whether various disorders are present
spina bifida
a neural tube defect act causes abnormalities of the brain and spine
chorionic billus sampling (CVS)
a method for the prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities that samples the membrane enveloping the amniotic sac and fetus
uterus
the hollow organ within females in which the embryo and fetus develop
ultrasound
sound waves too high in pitch to be sensed by the human ear
sonogram
a procedure for using ultrasonic sound waves to create a picture of an embryo or fetus
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay
a blood test that messes the mother’s blood level of alphafetoprotein, a substance that is linked to fetal neural tube defects
reaction range
the variability in the expression of inherited traits as they are influenced by environmental factors
genotype
genetic form, or constitution, of a person as determined by heredity and environmental factors
phenotype
the actual form, or constitution, of a person as determined by heredity and environmental factors
canalization
the tendency of growth rates to return to genetically determined patterned after undergoing environmentally induced change
passive genetic-environmental correlation
the correlation between the genetic endowment parents give their children and the environments in which they place their children
evocative genetic-environmental correlation
correlation between the child’s genetic endowment and the response the child elects form other people
active genetic-environmental correlation
correlation between the child’s genetic endowment and the choices the child makes about which environments they will seek
niche-picking
choosing environmental conditions that foster one’s genetically transmitted abilities and interests
epigenesis
view the development reflects continual bidirectional exchanges between one’ genotype and one’s environmental conditions
autism
a developmental disorder characterized by failure to relate to others, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behaviors
conception
union of a sperm cell and an ovum that occurs when the chromosomes of each of these cells combine to form 23 new pairs
fallopian tube
a tube through which ova travel from an over to the uterus
endometrium
the inner lining of the uterus
spontaneous abortion
unplanned, accidental abortion; also called a miscarriage
motility
self-propulsion
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
an infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and may impair fertility
endometriosis
inflammation of endometrial tissue sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation; the condition is characterized by abdominal pain and sometimes by infertility
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
fertilization of an ovum in a laboratory dish
donor IVF
the transfer of a donor’s ovum, fertilized in a laboratory dish, to the uterus of another woman
embryonic transplant
the transfer of an embryo from the uterus of one woman to that of another
surrogate mother
a woman who is artificially inseminated and carries to term a child who is then given to another woman, typically the spouse of the sperm donor
germinal stage
the period of development between conception and the implantation of the embryo
blastocyst
a stage within the germinal period of prenatal development in which the zygote has the form of a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid
embryonic disk
the platelike inner part of the blastocyst that differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of the embryo
trophoblast
the outer part of the blastocyst from which the amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord develop
umbilical cord
tube that connects the fetus to the placenta
placenta
an organ connected to the uterine wall and to the fetus by the umbilical cord; serves as a relay station between mother and fetus for the exchange of nutrients and waste
embryonic stage
stage of prenatal development that lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy; characterized by the development of the major organ systems
cephalocaudal
from head to tail
prozimodistal
from the inner part (or axis) of the body outward
ectoderm
the outermost cell layer of the newly formed embryo from which the skin and nervous system develop
neural tube
a hollowed-out area in the blastocyst from which the nervous system develops
endoderm
the inner layer of the embryo form which the lungs and digestive system develop
mesoderm
the central layer of the embryo from which the nones and muscles develop
androgens
male sex hormones
testosterone
a male sex hormone produced by the testes that promotes the development of male sexual characteristics and sperm
amniotic sac
the sac containing the fetus
amniotic fluid
fluid within the amniotic sac that suspends and protects the fetus
fetal stage
the stage of development the lasts form the beginning of the ninth week of pregnancy through birth
stillbirth
the birth of a dead fetus
teratogens
environmental influences or agents that can damage the embryo or fetus
critical period
a period during which an embryo is particularly vulnerable to a certain teratogen
syphilis
a sexually transmitted infection that can attack major organ systems
congenital
present at birth; resulting from the prenatal environment
HIV/AIDS
human immunodeficiency virus, which cripples the boy’s immune system; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the body’s state when the immune system is weakened to the point where it is vulnerable to diseases that would otherwise be fought off
rubella
a viral infection that can cause retardation and heart disease in the embryo
pre-eclampsia
a life-threatening disease that can afflict pregnant women; characterized by high blood pressure
premature
born before the full term of gestation
Rh incompatibility
condition in which antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to the child, possibly causing brain damage or death
thalidomide
a sedative linked to birth defects, especially deformed or absent limbs
progestin
a hormone that is used to maintain pregnancy and can also cause masculinization of the fetus
DES
diethylstilbestrol, an estrogen that has been linked to cancer in the reproductive organs of children of women who used it when pregnant
fetal alcohol syndrome
cluster of symptoms shown by children of women who drank during pregnancy, including characteristic factual features and intellectual disablilty
fetal alcohol effect
a cluster of symptoms, less severe than those of fetal alcohol syndrome, shown by children of women who drank moderately during pregnancy
How is labor initiated?
- secretion of hormones by the fetus
- maternal hormones stimulate contractions strong enough to expel the baby
What are the stages of childbirth?
Stage 1-uterus starts to contract
Stage 2-baby moves into birth canal and is born
Stage 3-placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled
What methods of childbirth are in use today?
- general anesthesia; mom sleeps through it all
- local anesthetics; mom is awake, but does not feel pain
- hypnobirthing; woman learns to relax and focus on happy toughs durning labor
- prepared childbirth; teaches the woman what to expect and not fear the contractions
- C-section; surgically removing baby
What kinds of birth problems come with having a preterm birth?
- low birth weight
- delayed neurological and motor development
- weak sucking and breathing reflexes
- have to stay in hospital longer
- higher infant mortality
What can help a mother to NOT develop postpartum depression?
- high self-esteem
- good social support-so they don’t have to it alone
