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Child Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

term

A

typical period of time between conception and the birth of a baby

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2
Q

Braxton-Hicks contractions

A

first (usually painless) contractions of childbirth

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3
Q

prostaglandins

A

hormones that stimulate uterine contractions

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4
Q

oxytocin

A

a pituitary hormone that stimulates labor contractions

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5
Q

neonate

A

a newborn child

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6
Q

efface

A

to thin

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7
Q

dilate

A

to widen or enlarge

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8
Q

episiotomy

A

surgical incision in the area between the birth canal and the anus that widens the vaginal opening, preventing random tearing during childbirth

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9
Q

transition

A

the initial movement of the head of he fetus into the birth canal

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10
Q

midwife

A

an individual who helps women in childbirth

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11
Q

anesthesia

A

a method that produces partial or total loss of the sense of pain

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12
Q

natural childbirth

A

a method of childbirth in which women use no anesthesia and are educated about childbirth and strategies for coping with discomfort

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13
Q

lamaze method

A

a method of childbirth in which some are educated about childbirth, learn to relax and breathe in patterns that conserve energy and lessen pain, and have a coach (usually the father) present during childbirth

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14
Q

cesarean section

A

a method of childbirth in which the neonate is delivered through a surgical incision in the abdomen

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15
Q

anoxia

A

a condition characterized by lack of oxygen

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16
Q

hypoxia

A

a condition characterized by less oxygen than is required

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17
Q

schizophrenia

A

a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood, and by withdrawal and absorption into daydreams or fantasy

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18
Q

breech presentation

A

a position in which the fetus enters the birth canal buttocks first

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19
Q

preterm

A

born at or before completion of 37 weeks of gestation

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20
Q

small for dates

A

a description of neonates who are unusually small for their age

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21
Q

lanugo

A

fine, downy hair that covers much of the body of neonates, especially preterm babies

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22
Q

vernix

A

an oily, white substance that coasts the skin of neonates, especially preterm babies

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23
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

a cluster of breathing problems, including weak and irregular breathing, to which preterm babies are particularly prone

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24
Q

incubator

A

heated, protective container in which premature infants are kept

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25
Q

postpartum period

A

the time that immediately follows childbirth

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26
Q

postpartum depression

A

severe, prolonged depression that afflicts 10-20% of women after deliver and that is characterized by sadness, apathy, and feelings of worthlessness

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27
Q

bonding

A

the process of forming bonds of attachment between parent and child

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28
Q

Apgar scale

A

a measure of a newborn’s health that assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity level, and respiratory effort

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29
Q

NBAS

A

Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale

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30
Q

NNS

A

Neonatal intensive care unit network neurobehavioral scale

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31
Q

reflex

A

an unlearned, stereotypical response to a stimulus

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32
Q

neural

A

of the nervous system

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33
Q

rooting reflex

A

a reflex in which infants turn their mouths and heads in the direction of a stroking of the cheek or corner of the mouth

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34
Q

Moro reflex

A

a reflex in which infants arch their back, fling out their arms and legs, and draw them back toward the chest in response to a sudden change in position

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35
Q

grasping reflex

A

a reflex in which infants grasp objects that cause pressure against their palms

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36
Q

stepping reflex

A

a reflex in which infants take steps when held under the arms by leaning forward so that their feet press agains the ground

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37
Q

Babinski reflex

A

a reflex in which infants fan their toes when the undersides of their feet are stroked

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38
Q

tonic-neck reflex

A

a reflex in which infants turn their head to one side, extend the arm and leg on that side, and flex the limbs on the opposite side

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39
Q

visual acuity

A

keenness of sharpness of vision

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40
Q

visual accommodation

A

the automatic adjustments made by the lenses of the eyes to bring objects into focus

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41
Q

convergence

A

the inward movement of the eyes as they focus on an object that is drawing nearer

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42
Q

intensity

A

brightness

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43
Q

saturation

A

richness or purity of a color

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44
Q

hue

A

color

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45
Q

rods

A

in the eye, rod-shaped receptors of light that are sensitive to intensity only; rods permit black-and-white vision

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46
Q

cones

A

in the eye, cone-shaped receptors of light that transmit sensations of color

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47
Q

amplitude

A

maximum vibration of a sound wave; the higher the louder they are

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48
Q

pitch

A

the highness of lowness of a sound, as determined by the frequency of sound waves

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49
Q

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

A

periods of sleep during which we are likely to dream, as indicated by rapid eye movements

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50
Q

non-REM sleep

A

periods of sleep during which we are unlikely to dream

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51
Q

electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

an instrument that measures electrical activity of the brain

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52
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A
  • the death, while sleeping, of apparently healthy babies who stop breathing for unknown medical reasons
  • usually between the ages of 1 month and 1 year
  • risk is reduced if they sleep on their backs and you don’t smoke around them
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53
Q

medulla

A

part of the brain stem that regulates viral and automatic functions such s breathing and the sleep-wake cycle

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54
Q

serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter that is involved in the responsiveness of the medulla, emotional response such as depression, and motivation response such as hunger

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55
Q

heredity

A

the transmission of traits and characteristics from aren’t to child by means of genes

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56
Q

genetics

A

branch of biology that studies heredity

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57
Q

chromsomes

A

rod-shaped structures that are composed of genes and found within the nuclei of cells

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58
Q

gene

A

basic unit of heredity and are composed of DNA

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59
Q

polygenic

A

resulting from many genes

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60
Q

DNA

A

genetic material that takes the form of a double helix made up of phosphates, sugars, and bases

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61
Q

zygote

A

a new cell formed from the union of a sperm and an ovum; a fertilized egg

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62
Q

mitosis

A

form of cell division in which each chromosome splits lengthwise to double in number, half of each chromosome combines with chemicals to retake its original form and then moves to the new cell

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63
Q

mutation

A

a sudden variation in a herbal characteristics, caused by an accident that affects the composition of genes

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64
Q

meiosis

A

the form of cell division in which each pari of chromosomes splits and one member of each pair moves to the new cell, as a result each new cell has 23 chromosomes

65
Q

autosome

A

a member of a pair of chromosome (with the exemption of sex chromosome)

66
Q

sex chromsome

A

a chromosome in the shape of a Y (male) or an X (female) that determines the sex of the child

67
Q

monozygotic (MZ) twins

A

twins the derive from a single zygote that has split into two; identical twins; each MZ twin carries the same genetic code

68
Q

dizygotic (DZ) twins

A

twins the eerie form two zygotes; paternal twins

69
Q

ovulation

A

the release of an ovum from an ovary

70
Q

allele

A

a member of a pair of genes

71
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles

72
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles

73
Q

dominant trait

A

a trait that is expressed

74
Q

recessive trait

A

a trait that is not expressed when the gene or fines involved have been paired with dominant genes; transmit to future generations and expressed if they are paired with other recessive genes

75
Q

carrier

A

a person who carries and transmits characteristics but does not exhibit them

76
Q

multifactorial problems

A

problems that stem from the interaction of heredity and environmental factors

77
Q

down syndrome

A

a chromosomal abnormality characterized by intellectual disability and caused by an extra chromosome in the 21st pair

78
Q

sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities

A

abnormalities that are transmitted from generation to generation, carried by a sex chromosome, usually an X sex chromosome

79
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

a chromosomal disorder found among males that is caused buy an extra X sex chromosome and is characterized buy infertility and mild intellectual disability

80
Q

testosterone

A

a male sex hormone produced mainly by the testes

81
Q

Turner syndrome

A

a chromosomal disorder found among females that is caused by having a single X sex chromosome and is characterized by infertility

82
Q

estrogen

A

a female sex hormone produced mainly by the ovaries

83
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a genetic abnormality in which phenylalanine builds up and causes intellectual disability

84
Q

Hunting disease

A

a fatal genetic neurological disorder shoes onset is in middle age

85
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

a genetic disorder that decreases the bloods’ capacity to carry oxygen

86
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

a fatal genetic neurological disorder in which nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are progressively destroyed

87
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

a fatal genetic disorder in which mucus obstructs the lungs and pancreas

88
Q

hemophilia

A

a genetic disorder in which blood does not clot properly

89
Q

sex-linked genetic abnormailites

A

abnormalities resulting from genes that are found on the X sex chromosome

90
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

a chromic disease characterized by a progressive wasting away of the muscles

91
Q

genetic counseling

A

advice concerning the probabilities that a couple’s children will show genetic abnormalities

92
Q

prenatal

A

before birth

93
Q

amniocentesis

A

a procedure for drawing out and examine fatal cells sloughed off into amniotic fluid to determine whether various disorders are present

94
Q

spina bifida

A

a neural tube defect act causes abnormalities of the brain and spine

95
Q

chorionic billus sampling (CVS)

A

a method for the prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities that samples the membrane enveloping the amniotic sac and fetus

96
Q

uterus

A

the hollow organ within females in which the embryo and fetus develop

97
Q

ultrasound

A

sound waves too high in pitch to be sensed by the human ear

98
Q

sonogram

A

a procedure for using ultrasonic sound waves to create a picture of an embryo or fetus

99
Q

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay

A

a blood test that messes the mother’s blood level of alphafetoprotein, a substance that is linked to fetal neural tube defects

100
Q

reaction range

A

the variability in the expression of inherited traits as they are influenced by environmental factors

101
Q

genotype

A

genetic form, or constitution, of a person as determined by heredity and environmental factors

102
Q

phenotype

A

the actual form, or constitution, of a person as determined by heredity and environmental factors

103
Q

canalization

A

the tendency of growth rates to return to genetically determined patterned after undergoing environmentally induced change

104
Q

passive genetic-environmental correlation

A

the correlation between the genetic endowment parents give their children and the environments in which they place their children

105
Q

evocative genetic-environmental correlation

A

correlation between the child’s genetic endowment and the response the child elects form other people

106
Q

active genetic-environmental correlation

A

correlation between the child’s genetic endowment and the choices the child makes about which environments they will seek

107
Q

niche-picking

A

choosing environmental conditions that foster one’s genetically transmitted abilities and interests

108
Q

epigenesis

A

view the development reflects continual bidirectional exchanges between one’ genotype and one’s environmental conditions

109
Q

autism

A

a developmental disorder characterized by failure to relate to others, communication problems, intolerance of change, and ritualistic behaviors

110
Q

conception

A

union of a sperm cell and an ovum that occurs when the chromosomes of each of these cells combine to form 23 new pairs

111
Q

fallopian tube

A

a tube through which ova travel from an over to the uterus

112
Q

endometrium

A

the inner lining of the uterus

113
Q

spontaneous abortion

A

unplanned, accidental abortion; also called a miscarriage

114
Q

motility

A

self-propulsion

115
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

an infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and may impair fertility

116
Q

endometriosis

A

inflammation of endometrial tissue sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation; the condition is characterized by abdominal pain and sometimes by infertility

117
Q

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

A

fertilization of an ovum in a laboratory dish

118
Q

donor IVF

A

the transfer of a donor’s ovum, fertilized in a laboratory dish, to the uterus of another woman

119
Q

embryonic transplant

A

the transfer of an embryo from the uterus of one woman to that of another

120
Q

surrogate mother

A

a woman who is artificially inseminated and carries to term a child who is then given to another woman, typically the spouse of the sperm donor

121
Q

germinal stage

A

the period of development between conception and the implantation of the embryo

122
Q

blastocyst

A

a stage within the germinal period of prenatal development in which the zygote has the form of a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid

123
Q

embryonic disk

A

the platelike inner part of the blastocyst that differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of the embryo

124
Q

trophoblast

A

the outer part of the blastocyst from which the amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord develop

125
Q

umbilical cord

A

tube that connects the fetus to the placenta

126
Q

placenta

A

an organ connected to the uterine wall and to the fetus by the umbilical cord; serves as a relay station between mother and fetus for the exchange of nutrients and waste

127
Q

embryonic stage

A

stage of prenatal development that lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy; characterized by the development of the major organ systems

128
Q

cephalocaudal

A

from head to tail

129
Q

prozimodistal

A

from the inner part (or axis) of the body outward

130
Q

ectoderm

A

the outermost cell layer of the newly formed embryo from which the skin and nervous system develop

131
Q

neural tube

A

a hollowed-out area in the blastocyst from which the nervous system develops

132
Q

endoderm

A

the inner layer of the embryo form which the lungs and digestive system develop

133
Q

mesoderm

A

the central layer of the embryo from which the nones and muscles develop

134
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormones

135
Q

testosterone

A

a male sex hormone produced by the testes that promotes the development of male sexual characteristics and sperm

136
Q

amniotic sac

A

the sac containing the fetus

137
Q

amniotic fluid

A

fluid within the amniotic sac that suspends and protects the fetus

138
Q

fetal stage

A

the stage of development the lasts form the beginning of the ninth week of pregnancy through birth

139
Q

stillbirth

A

the birth of a dead fetus

140
Q

teratogens

A

environmental influences or agents that can damage the embryo or fetus

141
Q

critical period

A

a period during which an embryo is particularly vulnerable to a certain teratogen

142
Q

syphilis

A

a sexually transmitted infection that can attack major organ systems

143
Q

congenital

A

present at birth; resulting from the prenatal environment

144
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

human immunodeficiency virus, which cripples the boy’s immune system; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the body’s state when the immune system is weakened to the point where it is vulnerable to diseases that would otherwise be fought off

145
Q

rubella

A

a viral infection that can cause retardation and heart disease in the embryo

146
Q

pre-eclampsia

A

a life-threatening disease that can afflict pregnant women; characterized by high blood pressure

147
Q

premature

A

born before the full term of gestation

148
Q

Rh incompatibility

A

condition in which antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to the child, possibly causing brain damage or death

149
Q

thalidomide

A

a sedative linked to birth defects, especially deformed or absent limbs

150
Q

progestin

A

a hormone that is used to maintain pregnancy and can also cause masculinization of the fetus

151
Q

DES

A

diethylstilbestrol, an estrogen that has been linked to cancer in the reproductive organs of children of women who used it when pregnant

152
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

cluster of symptoms shown by children of women who drank during pregnancy, including characteristic factual features and intellectual disablilty

153
Q

fetal alcohol effect

A

a cluster of symptoms, less severe than those of fetal alcohol syndrome, shown by children of women who drank moderately during pregnancy

154
Q

How is labor initiated?

A
  • secretion of hormones by the fetus

- maternal hormones stimulate contractions strong enough to expel the baby

155
Q

What are the stages of childbirth?

A

Stage 1-uterus starts to contract
Stage 2-baby moves into birth canal and is born
Stage 3-placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled

156
Q

What methods of childbirth are in use today?

A
  • general anesthesia; mom sleeps through it all
  • local anesthetics; mom is awake, but does not feel pain
  • hypnobirthing; woman learns to relax and focus on happy toughs durning labor
  • prepared childbirth; teaches the woman what to expect and not fear the contractions
  • C-section; surgically removing baby
157
Q

What kinds of birth problems come with having a preterm birth?

A
  • low birth weight
  • delayed neurological and motor development
  • weak sucking and breathing reflexes
  • have to stay in hospital longer
  • higher infant mortality
158
Q

What can help a mother to NOT develop postpartum depression?

A
  • high self-esteem

- good social support-so they don’t have to it alone

Child Psychology (5 decks)

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