Unit 4

Question 1

Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions

Answer 1

The Law of Effect

Question 2

The Law of Effect

Answer 2

Edward Lee Thorndike

Question 3

The Experimental Analysis of Behavior
The Operant Chamber ("Skinner Box")
Principles of Operant Conditioning
Radical Behaviorism
Analysis of Verbal Behavior
The Cumulative Recorder
Programmed Instruction

Answer 3

Burrhus Frederick Skinner

Question 4

Behavior that has an effect on the environment and is primarily under the control of its consequences.

Answer 4

Operant Behavior

Question 5

This process of behavioral variability, selection by consequences, and behavioral reproduction occurs throughout the organism’s lifetime.

Answer 5

Operant selection

Question 6

R-S (Response-Stimulus)

Answer 6

Simplest type of operant contingency

Question 7

An environmental change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior.

Answer 7

Reinforcement

Question 8

Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.

Answer 8

Punishment

Question 9

An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that increases or maintains the future frequency of that response.

Answer 9

Positive reinforcement

Question 10

An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn or removed) or attenuated following a response, and which increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior.

Answer 10

Negative reinforcement

Question 11

Unconditioned Positive Reinforcement

Answer 11

S^R+

Question 12

Conditioned Positive Reinforcement

Answer 12

S^r+

Question 13

Unconditioned Negative Reinforcement

Answer 13

S^R-

Question 14

Conditioned Negative Reinforcement

Answer 14

S^r-

Question 15

Unconditioned Positive Punishment

Answer 15

S^P+

Question 16

Conditioned Positive Punishement

Answer 16

S^p+

Question 17

Unconditioned Negative Punishment

Answer 17

S^P-

Question 18

Conditioned Negative Punishment

Answer 18

S^p-

Question 19

The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior.

Answer 19

Extinction

Question 20

Behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness.

Answer 20

Automaticity

Question 21

If the opportunity to engage in a “preferred” or “high-probability” behavior is made contingent on engaging in a “less preferred” behavior, the future duration or frequency of the “less preferred” behavior will increase.

Answer 21

Premack Principle

Question 22

A stimulus that, when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response.

Answer 22

Reinforcer

Question 23

A stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance.

Answer 23

Unconditioned Reinforcer

Question 24

A stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or powerful conditioned reinforcers.

Answer 24

Conditioned Reinforcer

Question 25

A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and which is effective for a wide range of behaviors.

Answer 25

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

Question 26

Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus.

Answer 26

Escape

Question 27

Terminates a “warning” stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of the aversive stimulus.

Answer 27

Avoidance

Question 28

A conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus.

Answer 28

warning stimulus

Question 29

No clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event.

Answer 29

unsignaled avoidance

Question 30

The response itself directly produces the reinforcing consequence. That is, the consequence is NOT mediated by another person.

Answer 30

Automatic Reinforcement

Question 31

The consequence is mediated by another person.

Answer 31

Socially Mediated Reinforcement

Question 32

A person explicitly arranged the contingency.

Answer 32

Planned reinforcement

Question 33

The contingency was not explicitly arranged.

Answer 33

Unplanned reinforcement

Question 34

The process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement.

Answer 34

Operant Extinction

Question 35

The sudden and temporary reappearance of a behavior following extinction.

Answer 35

Operant Spontaneous Recovery

Question 36

The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior during the extinction of a more recently reinforced behavior.

Answer 36

Resurgence

Question 37

A stimulus that, usually, is punishing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance (genetics).

Answer 37

Unconditioned Punisher

Question 38

A stimulus that initially has no innate punishing properties, but acquires punishing properties through pairing with unconditioned punishers or powerful conditioned punishers.

Answer 38

Conditioned Punisher

Question 39

An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that decreases the future frequency of that response.

Answer 39

Positive Punishment

Question 40

An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn, removed) or attenuated following a response, which decreases the future frequency of that behavior.

Answer 40

Negative Punishment

Question 41

A procedure based on the principle of negative punishment; the organism cannot access (generally specified) reinforcers.

Answer 41

Time-out from positive reinforcement

Question 42

The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment.

Answer 42

Recovery from Punishment