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[AUBF LEC] > Unit 4-5 > Flashcards

Unit 4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of reagent strips in urine testing?

A

To detect medically significant chemical analytes in urine

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2
Q

What are the components of a reagent strip?

A

Chemically impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strip

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3
Q

How should reagent strips be stored?

A

In opaque containers with desiccant, away from volatile fumes, and below 30°C

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4
Q

What is the purpose of quality control in reagent strip testing?

A

Ensures accuracy by using positive and negative controls

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5
Q

Why is distilled water not used as a negative control for reagent strips?

A

Because its ionic concentration is different from urine

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6
Q

What physical characteristics of urine are examined before chemical testing?

A

Color, clarity, and specific gravity

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7
Q

What is the purpose of urine pH testing?

A

Measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity in urine

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8
Q

What are the normal pH values of urine?

A

5.0-6.0 in the morning, slightly alkaline after meals

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9
Q

What does a urine pH above 9 indicate?

A

Unpreserved or contaminated specimen

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10
Q

What condition can cause acidic urine?

A

High-protein diet, metabolic or respiratory acidosis

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11
Q

What condition can cause alkaline urine?

A

Vegetarian diet, UTI with urea-splitting bacteria

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12
Q

What protein is most commonly found in urine?

A

Albumin

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13
Q

What is considered clinically significant proteinuria?

A

> 30 mg/dL (300 mg/L)

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14
Q

What does persistent proteinuria indicate?

A

Possible kidney disease or glomerular damage

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15
Q

What is microalbuminuria an early indicator of?

A

Diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease

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16
Q

What are the three main causes of proteinuria?

A

Prerenal, Renal, Postrenal

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17
Q

What does prerenal proteinuria indicate?

A

Conditions affecting plasma before reaching the kidneys

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18
Q

What is a common cause of renal proteinuria?

A

Glomerular damage or tubular dysfunction

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19
Q

What is postrenal proteinuria?

A

Protein added as urine passes through the lower urinary tract

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20
Q

What is the clinical significance of glucose in urine?

A

Indicator of diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disorders

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21
Q

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

A

160-180 mg/dL

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22
Q

Why is fasting urine preferred for glucose testing?

A

To avoid postprandial variations

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23
Q

What ketone body is primarily detected in reagent strip testing?

A

Acetoacetic acid

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24
Q

What is ketonuria an indicator of?

A

Uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, or metabolic disorders

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25
Q

What is the function of specific gravity testing?

A

Measures urine concentration and kidney function

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26
Q

What does a high specific gravity indicate?

A

Dehydration, diabetes mellitus, or proteinuria

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27
Q

What does a low specific gravity indicate?

A

Diabetes insipidus or renal failure

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28
Q

What is the principle behind the blood reagent strip test?

A

Detects hemoglobin using peroxidase activity

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29
Q

What does a positive blood test in urine indicate?

A

Hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or myoglobinuria

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30
Q

What is the main cause of hematuria?

A

Renal or urinary tract bleeding

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31
Q

What is the difference between hematuria and hemoglobinuria?

A

Hematuria has intact RBCs, hemoglobinuria does not

32
Q

What is myoglobinuria associated with?

A

Muscle destruction (e.g., rhabdomyolysis)

33
Q

What is the clinical significance of bilirubin in urine?

A

Indicator of liver disease or bile duct obstruction

34
Q

Why should urine samples for bilirubin testing be protected from light?

A

Bilirubin degrades in light, causing false negatives

35
Q

What is the primary function of urobilinogen in urine testing?

A

Early detection of liver disease or hemolytic disorders

36
Q

What conditions can increase urobilinogen levels in urine?

A

Liver disease, hemolysis

37
Q

What is the function of the nitrite test in urine?

A

Detects bacterial infection (UTI)

38
Q

What is the principle behind the nitrite test?

A

Bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrite

39
Q

What is the primary purpose of leukocyte esterase testing?

A

Detects WBCs in urine, indicating infection or inflammation

40
Q

What is a common cause of leukocyturia?

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

41
Q

Why are leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests often used together?

A

To increase the sensitivity of UTI detection

42
Q

What does the presence of bacteria in urine indicate?

A

Possible urinary tract infection

43
Q

What is the purpose of microscopic urine examination?

A

To detect and identify insoluble materials in urine

44
Q

What are the three main types of urinary casts?

A

Hyaline, cellular, and granular casts

45
Q

What are hyaline casts composed of?

A

Tamm-Horsfall protein

46
Q

What condition is associated with RBC casts in urine?

A

Glomerulonephritis

47
Q

What condition is associated with WBC casts in urine?

A

Pyelonephritis or interstitial nephritis

48
Q

What is the significance of epithelial cell casts?

A

Tubular damage or renal disease

49
Q

What type of microscopy is best for identifying lipids in urine?

A

Polarizing microscopy

50
Q

What is the function of phase-contrast microscopy in urinalysis?

A

Enhances visualization of low-refractive index elements like casts

51
Q

What is the function of Gram stain in urine microscopy?

A

Identifies bacteria and differentiates Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria

52
Q

What is the function of Sternheimer-Malbin stain?

A

Enhances visibility of WBCs, epithelial cells, and casts

53
Q

What stain is used to identify hemosiderin in urine?

A

Prussian blue stain

54
Q

What are the three most common urine crystals?

A

Calcium oxalate, uric acid, and triple phosphate

55
Q

What condition is associated with calcium oxalate crystals?

A

Kidney stones, ethylene glycol poisoning

56
Q

What condition is associated with uric acid crystals?

A

Gout or increased purine metabolism

57
Q

What condition is associated with triple phosphate crystals?

A

UTIs with urea-splitting bacteria

58
Q

Why must urine sediment be examined under reduced light?

A

To improve visibility of transparent elements

59
Q

What is the recommended time for centrifuging urine samples?

A

5 minutes at 400 RCF

60
Q

What is the normal range for WBCs in urine sediment?

A

0-5 per high power field

61
Q

What is the normal range for RBCs in urine sediment?

A

0-3 per high power field

62
Q

What does the presence of oval fat bodies in urine indicate?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

63
Q

What is the normal color of urine?

A

Pale yellow to amber

64
Q

What causes dark brown urine?

A

Bilirubin, myoglobin, or severe dehydration

65
Q

What causes cloudy urine?

A

Cells, bacteria, crystals, or mucus

66
Q

Why should refrigerated urine samples be warmed before testing?

A

To dissolve precipitated crystals and avoid misinterpretation

67
Q

What is the function of urine culture?

A

To identify and quantify bacteria in suspected UTIs

68
Q

Why should a midstream clean-catch urine sample be used for culture?

A

To minimize contamination from external sources

69
Q

What is the normal urine output per day?

A

800-2000 mL

70
Q

What is oliguria?

A

Urine output <400 mL/day

71
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Urine output >2500 mL/day

72
Q

What is anuria?

A

Complete cessation of urine output

73
Q

What is the principle behind the Clinitest for glucose?

A

Copper reduction test

74
Q

What is the principle behind the Ictotest for bilirubin?

A

Diazo reaction with enhanced sensitivity

75
Q

What is the principle behind the Acetest for ketones?

A

Nitroprusside reaction

[AUBF LEC] (3 decks)

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