Unit 2-3 Intro to Urinalysis Flashcards
What was the beginning of laboratory medicine?
Analyzing urine
What is the minimum urine volume required for analysis?
10-12 mL
Who wrote a book on “uroscopy” in the 5th Century BC?
Hippocrates
Who discovered albuminuria by boiling urine in 1694?
Frederick Dekkers
Who introduced urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination?
Richard Bright
What is the composition of urine?
95% water, 5% solutes
What are the organic components of urine?
Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid
What are the inorganic components of urine?
Chloride, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Ammonium, Calcium
What are the functional units of the kidney?
Nephrons
What are the three steps of urine formation?
Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Secretion & Water conservation
What are the two major parts of a nephron?
Bowman’s capsule and Renal tubule
What is the amount of filtrate produced per minute called?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What keeps the GFR at a stable value?
Renal autoregulation
What is the daily urine output in adults for oliguria?
<400 mL/day
What is anuria?
Cessation of urine flow
What is nocturia?
Increase in nocturnal urine excretion
What is polyuria?
> 2.5L/day in adults
What is the cause of Diabetes Insipidus?
Decreased ADH
What is the cause of Diabetes Mellitus?
Decreased insulin
What is the recommended capacity for a urine specimen container?
50 mL
What is the minimum urine volume needed for analysis?
12 mL
What information must be included on a urine specimen label?
Full name, Date of collection, Time of collection
At what temperature should a urine specimen be refrigerated if not tested immediately?
2-8°C
What are common urine preservatives?
Boric acid, Formalin, Sodium fluoride
What is the most commonly received urine specimen type?
Random specimen
What is the ideal screening specimen type?
First morning specimen
What is the most common method of urine collection?
Midstream clean-catch specimen
How is a catheterized urine specimen collected?
Sterile conditions via catheter
What is the most sterile method of urine collection?
Supra-pubic aspiration
What process ensures proper urine specimen identification for drug testing?
Chain of custody (COC)
What is the acceptable urine temperature range for drug testing?
32.5°C to 37.7°C
What specific gravity value indicates an adulterated urine sample?
1
What specific gravity value may indicate nephrotic syndrome or dehydration?
> 1.035
What condition is associated with high specific gravity and glucose in urine?
Diabetes mellitus
What condition is associated with low specific gravity and decreased ADH?
Diabetes insipidus
What is the normal odor of urine?
Aromatic
What urine odor is associated with diabetes mellitus?
Fruity or sweet
What urine odor is associated with Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)?
Maple syrup
What urine odor is associated with methionine malabsorption?
Cabbage-like
What does red urine indicate?
Hemoglobinuria
What does green urine indicate?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
What does black urine indicate?
Homogentisic acid or Melanin
What medication can cause orange-yellow urine?
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
What color of urine is associated with intact RBCs?
Pink
What term describes the ratio of the density of urine to the density of water?
Specific gravity
What is the specific gravity of an isosthenuric urine sample?
1.01
What pigment is responsible for the yellow color of urine?
Urochrome
What clarity term describes urine with many particulates where print is blurred?
Cloudy
What clarity term describes urine where print can still be seen through it?
Hazy
What are some pathologic causes of urine turbidity?
RBCs, WBCs, Bacteria
What are three methods used to measure urine specific gravity?
Urinometer, Refractometer, Reagent Strip
What analyte in urine decreases due to volatilization?
Ketones
What analyte in urine decreases due to light exposure?
Bilirubin
What analyte in urine increases due to bacterial multiplication?
Nitrite
What urine output is considered oliguria in children?
<0.5mL/kg/hr
