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AP Gov > Unit 4 + 5 > Flashcards

Unit 4 + 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Individualism

A

A social and political philosophy that promotes individual well-being over the well-being of society as a whole

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2
Q

Equality of opportunity

A

The belief that each person should have an equal chance at success and that no person should be limited by circumstances outside of her control.

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3
Q

Free enterprise

A

an economy where the market determines prices, products, and services rather than the government

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4
Q

Rule of law

A

citizens and political leaders are bound by the law, but with rule by law, government officials arbitrarily manipulate the law to advance their own interests.

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5
Q

Limited government

A

A government that is subject to strict limits on its lawful uses of power, and hence on its ability to deprive people of their liberty.

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6
Q

Civic organization

A

A group that works together to help others in the community.

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7
Q

Political socialization

A

The process by which people form their political attitudes and beliefs

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8
Q

Globalization

A

The increasing interconnectedness of people, cultures, economies, and nations facilitated by technology, trade, and cultural diffusion.

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9
Q

Scientific polling

A

define population, make sample, construct unbiased questions, conduct poll, and analyze and report data

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10
Q

Public opinion data

A

Public opinion is the collective opinion on a specific topic or voting intention relevant to a society. It is the people’s views on matters affecting them.

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11
Q

Opinion polls

A

polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate.

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12
Q

Benchmark/tracking polls

A

initial poll on a candidate and issues on which campaign strategy is based and against which later polls are compared

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13
Q

Entrance/exit polls

A

An election exit poll is a poll of voters taken immediately after they have exited the polling stations

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14
Q

Sampling techniques

A

refers to methods of selecting individuals to include in a study where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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15
Q

Reliability of public opinion data

A

the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials

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16
Q

Veracity of public opinion data

A

conformity to facts; accuracy

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17
Q

Political ideology

A

the set of ideas, beliefs, and values that individuals have about how government should work and the kinds of policies that government should put in place

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18
Q

Party platform

A

a formal set of principle goals which are supported by a political party or individual candidate, in order to appeal to the general public

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19
Q

Liberal ideology

A

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity

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20
Q

Conservative ideology

A

A belief that limited government insures order competitive markets and personal opportunity

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21
Q

Libertarian ideology

A

maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state’s encroachment on and violations of individual liberties; emphasizing the rule of law, pluralism, cosmopolitanism, cooperation, civil and political rights, bodily autonomy, free association, free trade, freedom of expression

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22
Q

Keynesian policy

A

an economic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

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23
Q

Supply-side policy

A

an economic theory advocated by President Reagan holding that too much income goes to taxes so too little money is available for purchasing, and the solution is to cut taxes and return purchasing power to consumers.

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24
Q

Monetary policy

A

regulating the money supply, controlling inflation/deflation, adjusting the interest rates to regulate the economy, the cost of money, and adjusting the band reserve requirements

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25
Q

Fiscal policy

A

involves policies regarding taxes and spending. It involves determining how much the government will tax, how the burden of these taxes will be distributed, the federal budget, and whether the government will run a deficit or a surplus

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26
Q

Federal reserve

A

a board to control monetary policy (money supply and interest rates) created in 1913. A bureaucratic regulatory agency that acts independently of the president.

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27
Q

Voting rights

A

a set of legal and constitutional protections designed to ensure the opportunity to vote in local, state, and federal elections for the vast majority of adult citizens.

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28
Q

Rational choice

A

describes someone voting in their best interest, supporting the candidate whose platform will give them the most favorable outcomes

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29
Q

Retrospective voting

A

A form of election in which voters look back at the performance of a party in power and cast ballots on the basis of how well it did in office

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30
Q

Prospective voting

A

Voting based on what a candidate pledges to do in the future about an issue if elected.

31
Q

Party-line voting

A

A vote in which a substantial majority of members of a political party vote for those in their party.

32
Q

Structural barriers to voting

A

property requirements, literacy tests, poll taxes, etc.

33
Q

Political efficacy

A

A citizen’s capacity to understand and influence political events

34
Q

Demographics

A

he study of a population based on factors such as age, race and sex

35
Q

Party identification

A

typically determined by the political party that an individual most commonly supports (by voting or other means).

36
Q

Linkage institutions

A

a structure within a society that connects the people to the government or centralized authority. These institutions include: elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media

37
Q

Political parties

A

a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office

38
Q

Mobilization of voters

A

a party’s efforts to inform potential voters about issues and candidates and persuade them to vote.

39
Q

Candidate recruitment

A

the process of finding, screening, hiring and eventually onboarding qualified job candidates.

40
Q

Campaign management

A

planning, executing, tracking, and analyzing a marketing initiative, sometimes centered on a new product launch or event

41
Q

Fundraising

A

The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA, , et seq.) is a United States federal law which increased disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns, and amended in 1974 to place legal limits on the campaign contributions

42
Q

Candidate-centered campaigns

A

individual candidates devise their own strategies, choose their own issues, and form their own campaign organizations.

43
Q

Demographic coalitions

A

The groups who identify with a political party, usually described in demographic terms, such as African American Democrats or evangelical Republicans. Party Realignment

44
Q

Critical elections

A

A political realignment, often called a critical election, critical realignment, or realigning election, in the academic fields of political science and political history, is a set of sharp changes in party ideology, issues, party leaders, regional and demographic bases of power of political parties

45
Q

Regional realignments

A

the change in voting patterns that occurs after a critical election in a specific region

46
Q

Campaign finance law

A

a series of acts passed by congress in an attempt to limit and regulate the size and sources of contributions and expenditures and political campaigns.

47
Q

Proportional voting systems

A

proportional representation is an electoral system in which seats are first allocated to parties based on vote share, and then assigned to party-affiliated candidates on the parties’ electoral lists

48
Q

Winner-take-all voting

A

Voters in each state choose electors by casting a vote for the presidential candidate of their choice

49
Q

Third-party candidates

A

Voters seldom pick third-party and independent candidates, but the outsider candidates make their mark by adding their ideas to the agenda. “The most important role of third parties is to bring new ideas and institutions into politics

50
Q

Independent candidates

A

Some people choose to run for President without being affiliated with a political party. Such independent candidates do not need the nomination of a political party, but they must meet other requirements

51
Q

Interest groups

A

facilitate citizen participation in government, organizing individuals to take collective action through voting, fundraising, and disseminating information about their issues to elected officials and the public

52
Q

Lobbying

A

Engaging in activities aimed at influencing public officials, especially legislators, and the policies they enact.

53
Q

Iron triangles

A

the idea that committees in the House and Senate, federal departments and agencies, and think tanks and interest groups all work together to develop and conserve their own power, and expand their political influence

54
Q

Issue networks

A

an alliance of various interest groups and individuals who unite in order to promote a common cause or agenda in a way that influences government policy

55
Q

“Free-rider” problem

A

The problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the groups’ activities without officially joining

56
Q

Single-issue groups

A

Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics.

57
Q

Ideological/social movements

A

Sustained grassroots organization/action demanding reforms/changes in existing socio-economic or government practices.

58
Q

Protest movements

A

A loosely organized group that uses unconventional and often disruptive tactics to have their grievances heard by the public, the news/media, and government leaders

59
Q

Incumbency advantage phenomenon

A

Incumbents have an advantage over challengers in election campaigns because voters are more familiar with them, and incumbents are more recognizable.

60
Q

Open/Closed Primaries

A

In a traditional open primary, voters may select one party’s ballot and vote for that party’s nomination. As in a closed primary (such that only those affiliated with a political party may vote), the highest voted candidate in each party then proceeds to the general election.

61
Q

Caucuses

A

a meeting at which local members of a political party register their preference among candidates running for office or select delegates to attend a convention.

62
Q

Party conventions

A

usually refers to a presidential nominating convention, but it can also refer to state, county, or congressional district nominating conventions in which candidates are nominated

63
Q

General elections

A

the official public elections to determine who will take office, they are completely administed by the public (as opposed to party) officials and state and county governments.

64
Q

Bipartisan campaign reform act of 2002

A

Prohibits any funds for soft money accounts from being solicited, received, directed, transferred, or spent in the name of national political parties, Federal candidates or officials, or by joint fundraising activities by two or more party committees.

65
Q

Political Action Committees (PAC’s)

A

organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaigns for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation

66
Q

Super PAC

A

are committees that may receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, labor unions and other PACs for the purpose of financing independent expenditures and other independent political activity.

67
Q

Traditional news media

A

print media like newspapers and magazines

68
Q

Social media

A

Involves electronic technologies that link people to networks and allow the exchange of personal and professional information as well as common interests such as product and brand preferences; use has increased.

69
Q

Investigative journalism

A

The use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders. (A type of reporting used to uncover scams and scandals, sometimes putting reporters at odds with political leaders).

70
Q

Political commentary

A

a form of journalistic expression that explores and provides opinions on a topic in depth. political reporting.

71
Q

“Horse race” journalism

A

political journalism of elections that resembles coverage of horse races because of the focus on polling data and public perception instead of candidate policy, and almost exclusive reporting on candidate differences rather than similarities.

72
Q

Partisan news sites

A

Newspapers and other communication media that openly support a political party and whose news in significant part follows the party line.

73
Q

Media bias

A

the bias or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of events and stories that are reported and how they are covered.

74
Q

Media ownership

A

The commercial and legal control of interpersonal and mass communication technologies by individuals, corporations, and/or governments.

AP Gov (6 decks)

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