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Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

10th amendment

A

Powers not delegated to the federal government, and not prohibited to the states, shall go to the states.

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2
Q

14th amendment

A

This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.

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3
Q

articles of confederation

A

The compact among the 13 original states that established the first government of the United States

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4
Q

articles of confederation cons

A

No decisions can be made, central gov can’t tax, can’t regulate commerce, difficult to amend, not a strong enough central power

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5
Q

articles of confederation pros

A

Format unique to our situation, standardized currency and rights, working relationship, name, ended a war, northwest ordinance

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6
Q

autocracy

A

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

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7
Q

bill of rights

A

The first 10 amendments of the constitution, anti-federalists wanted them to prevent the national government from tampering with fundamental rights and civil liberties, and emphasize the limited character of national power.

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8
Q

block grants

A

Grants-in-aid awarded for general purposes, allowing the recipient great discretion in spending the grant money

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9
Q

brutus 1

A

A larger republic based on the principle of consent of the governed cannot effectively preserve the liberties of the citizens of the U.S. and the states.

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10
Q

categorial grants

A

Grants-in-aid targeted for a specific purpose by either formula or project

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11
Q

checks and balances

A

Government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches

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12
Q

coercive federalism

A

A view holding that the national government may impose its policy preferences on the states through regulations in the form of mandates and restraints.

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13
Q

competitive grant

A

Grants-in-aid awarded on the basis of applications submitted by prospective recipients who are eligible to compete for the grant.

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14
Q

cooperative federalism

A

A view holding that the constitution is an agreement among people who are citizens of both state and nation, so there is much overlap between their powers. Marble cake.

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15
Q

county government

A

the government units that administer a county

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16
Q

declaration of independence

A

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to separate from Great Britain.

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17
Q

democracy

A

A government which, in theory, the people rule directly or indirectly

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18
Q

devolution

A

Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments.

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19
Q

dual federalism

A

A view stating that the constitution is a compact among sovereign states, so that the powers of the national government and the state state clearly differentiated. Layer cake.

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20
Q

enumerated powers

A

Powers explicitly granted to congress by the constitution

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21
Q

executive branch

A

The law-enforcing branch of government

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22
Q

federalism

A

the sharing of power with the state and federal governments

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23
Q

federalist 10

A

A strong central government can protect liberty because it guards against the dangers of control by a narrow interest through factions and elected representatives

24
Q

federalist 51

A

addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government.

25
formula grants
Grants-in-aid distributed according to a particular set of rules, called a formula, that specifies who is eligible for the grants and how much each eligible applicant will receive.
26
grant-in-aid
Money provided by one level of government to another level of government, or sometimes an outside organization, to be spent for a given purpose
27
home rule
The right to enact and enforce legislation locally
28
great compromise
3 branches of government, 2 branches of legislature, one based on population and the other with equal representation, one-person executive branch
29
implied powers
The right to enact and enforce legislation locally Implied powers - Powers congress needs to execute its enumerated (guaranteed) powers
30
intergovernmental system
The collection of governments made up of national, state, and local units of government.
31
judicial branch
The law-interpreting branch of government
32
judicial review
The power to declare congressional and presidential acts invalid because they violate the constitution
33
legislative branch
The lawmaking branch of government
34
majoritarian model of democracy
The classical theory of democracy in which government by the people is interpreted as government by the majority of the people.
35
majority rule
The decision of a group must reflect the preference of more than half of those participating
36
mandate
a requirement that a state undertake an activity or provide a service, in keeping with minimum national standards
37
mcculloch v maryland
Ruled that congress had implied powers under Article 1 Section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the U.S., and the state of Maryland could not tax the bank. Established that when it is state v. federal laws, federal laws win.
38
municipal government
the government units that administer a city or town
39
necessary and proper clause
Section 8 Article 1, gives Congress the means to execute its enumerated powers. Aka the elastic clause
40
new jersey plan
Single-chamber legislature, equal representation (small states favored), and a multi-person executive branch
41
oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
42
pluralist model of democracy
an interpretation of democracy in which government by the people is taken to mean government by people operating through competing interest groups
43
political equality
Equality in political decision making i.e. one vote per person, all votes counted equally
44
preemption
The power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes total or partial responsibility for a state government function.
45
redistricting
the process of redrawing congressional districts to reflect increases or decreases in seats allotted to the states, as well as population shifts within a state
46
representative democracy
Citizens electing government officials to govern on their behalf
47
restraint
a requirement prohibiting a state or local government from exercising a certain power
48
school district
A special-district government responsible for administering public schools
49
separation of powers
The assignment of law making, enforcing, and interpreting to separate branches of government
50
social contract
The belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes.
51
special districts
government units created to perform particular functions, especially when those functions are best performed across jurisdictional boundaries
52
substantive democracy theory
Democracy is embodied in the substance of government policies rather than the policymaking procedure
53
supremacy clause
Clause in article 6 that asserts national laws take precedence over state and local laws when they conflict
54
unitary government
A centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single, central agency. ex. Britain
55
u.s. v lopez
Ruled that gun-free school zones were unconstitutional as the federal government could not regulate certain liberties such as gun laws, and those would be up to the states. Preserved the system of federalism.
56
universal participation
Concept that everyone in democracy should participate in governmental decision making
57
virginia plan
Dividing the government into 3 branches, dividing the legislature into 2 houses, and proportional representation (larger states favored)

AP Gov (6 decks)

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