Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Disease and Defense class of 2019 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes bacteria different from eukaryotes? list the two most important things first.

A 
70% protein in  membrane
no sterols (except mycobacteria)
synthesize own folate
peptidoglycan (except mycobacteria)
no nucleus
no organelles
plasmids
transformation
different sized ribosomes (70S vs 80S)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

peptidoglycan: describe the structure for me

A 
5 aa, come off of Nam
alternating Nam -- Nag
Dala-Dglut-DAP-Dala       gram neg
                    Dala
Dala-Dglut-Llys-Dala          gram pos
                   Dala
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does lysozyme target?

A

between Nam–Nag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where do antibiotics target on the peptidoglycan?

A

between Dala–Dala cross links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the lipopolysaccharide

A

O: differentiates types
P: anchor/linker
A: endotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe capsules

A

allow evasion of immune system, avoid antibiotics
protective layer, antiphagocytic
can be antigenic (e.g.: anthrax is vs. strep which is HA which is naturally occurring in body. why we get multiple strep infections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

glycocalyx

A

staph epi
biofilms, slime layers
can have large biofilm that has many other things populating it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

staphylo

A

clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

strepto

A

chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

diplo

A

a pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cocci

A

spherical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

bacilli

A

rod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two flagella?

A

polar-1

peritrichus-everywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what directions do the flagella rotate?

A

counterclockwise: run
clockwise: tumble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens with chemotaxis and flagellar motions?

A

run>tumble towards thing you want

run

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pilli have what 2 jobs?

A

attach

conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pills are or aren’t antigenic

A

they are antigenic

eg: gonhorrea=gram - diplococci. can switch pilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

secretion systems

A

gram negative

can inject into a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

electron transport chain, tell me all about it with bacteria

A

flagella runs on proton motor force
must run electron transfer chain across the cell membrane
flagella are important for DNA, flagella, transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ribosomes in bacteria

A

70S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is it when you can replicate and synthesize DNA at the same time?

A

polycystronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the shape most bacterial DNA exists in?

A

1 large circular double stranded line of DNA
there can be single double strands, multiple rings of double stranded DNA or plasmids
there are often many plasmids in a bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is necessary to have on a plasmid?

A

an ORI for replication

an ORI for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that attacks bacteria

important for diptheria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how do bacteria divide?

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are fastidious bacteria?

A

need extra stuff, fussy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are heterophilic bacteria?

A

organic C users

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are autotrophic bacteria

A

CO2 as C and Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

aerobe

A

cannot ferment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

anerobe

A

ferment only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

indifferent

A

ferments in presence of O2, doesn’t respirate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

facultative

A

respires but can ferment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

microphilic

A

low O2 it grows (5%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does O2 do to bacteria? how do they survive with it?

A

O2 creates ROS. to deal with this the bacteria need to have catalase (takes H2O2 to H2O and O2), or superoxidase disputes (takes ROS/O* to O2)

35
Q

fermentation

A

obtain energy from organic or inorganic electron donors and acceptors
no O2 usually

36
Q

respiration

A

generate ATP
aerobic O2
anerobic not O2

37
Q

which are the only 2 bacteria that cause spores?

A

bacillis and clostridium

38
Q

salmonella is know to switch what antigen?

A

H antigen
DNA arrangement
on Flagella

39
Q

bacteria can switch what to express different things?

A

DNA
salmonella can change H antigen
gonhorrea can change pilli

40
Q

spontaneous mutation

A

small changes

strep–>toxins (exotoxin B–>necrotizing faascitis–>due to spontaneous mutation)

41
Q

recombination

A

2 sets of homologous zones recombine

often can happen with plasmids

42
Q

transposons

A

mediate own movement
will inactivate genes it inserts into
up regulates things it is next to

43
Q

insertional transposon

A

only thing it codes for is transposase

44
Q

complex transposon

A

codes for transposase + something else

45
Q

pathogenicity islands

A

only certain bacteria have

large portions of chromosome that encode for a virulence factor

46
Q

transformation

A

where cell can take up DNA
makes it competent
can force competency by lowering temp and adding CaCl

47
Q

transduction

A 
gene transfer mediated bacteriophage
can be chromosomal or plasmid
virus picks up a bit of bacteria dan instead of viral DNA
transfers bacterial resistance
lytic an lysogenic
48
Q

lytic state

A

viral production and lysis

49
Q

lysogenic

A

needs repression protein to stop
secretly waits until it is triggered to go
every time bacteria divides, it takes some of the dna with it
herpes (waits and divides until the immune system down, then attacks)

50
Q

bacteriophage conversion

A

infected=pathogenic
only phenotypic change=production of toxin (diphtheria, shigella)
temperate version needed!!!!

51
Q

conjugation

A

F factor can synthesize sex pills
has an origin of transfer-oriT (plasmid has 1/2 go through tube, other half stays in the bacteria and rebuilt)
can remain a plasmid or integrate into DNA
can have a conjugative transposon

52
Q

conjugative transposon

A

a transposon that is transferred during conjugation

can move, leave when conjugation is occuring

53
Q

how do you show a toxin has a role in pathogenesis?

A
  1. show toxin alone has same symptoms of infection by the microbe producing it
  2. show antitoxin prevents disease
  3. show virulence correlates with amount of toxin
  4. show nontoxinogenic mutants are not virulent/reduced virulence. virulence is restored if they can make toxin again
54
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. show that phenotype/property being investigates is associated with pathogenic species/strain of microbe
  2. show inactivation of genes that encode virulence factor cause decrease in microbe virulence
  3. show replacement of gene to wild type restores virulence
55
Q

list the toxins that inhibit protein synthesis

A

diptheria toxin and pseudomonas aerugionosa exotoxin A
shiga toxin and E coli toxin and ricin
inactivate elongation factor 2

56
Q

list the toxins that modify intracellular pathways

A 
heat labile enterotoxins
pertussis toxin
heat stable enterotoxin
anthrax edema factor
anthrax lethal factor
C. diff toxins
57
Q

list the toxins that inhibit neurotransmitter release

A

botulinim

tetanus

58
Q

diptheria toxin (DT) and pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PAE)

A

inactivate elongation factor 2–EF2 (required for peptide chain elongation)
ADP ribosyltransferases (transfer ADP-ribose from NAD to dipthamide on EF2, which inactivates EF2 in cytoplasm)
bind to different receptors in the cell
DT is heart, kidney, neurons
PAE is liver

59
Q

shiga toxins and Ecoli toxin and Ricin

A

specific RNA N-glycosidases that remove adenine residue from 28s RNA of 60S ribosome
inactivates it
stops translation

60
Q

heat labile enterotoxins

A

vibrio cholerae and escheria
ADP ribosyltransferases
increase cell membrane adenylate cyclase activity
ADP ribosylate and activate the G regulatory protein (stimulatory).
increased cAMP causes chloride secretion and diarrhea

61
Q

pertussis toxin

A

ADP ribosyltransferase
increases adenylate cyclase activity
ADP ribosylates and inactivates the inhibitory G reg. protein of cyclase
increased cAMP causes tissue specific effects

62
Q

heat stabile enterotoxin 1 of ecoli (ST-1)

A

activates cell membrane guanylate cyclase

increased CGMP in enterocytes causes diahrrea

63
Q

anthrax edema factor (EF)

A

from bacillus anthracis and adenylate cyclase toxin from pertussis
adenylate cyclades that cause increased cAMP and produce dependent effects
requires activation by calmodulin and Ca
binds cell membrane and makes a pore

64
Q

anthrax lethal factor (LF)

A

endopeptidase that cleaves MAP kinase proteins

inactivates function in signal transduction

65
Q

c. diff toxins A and B

A

glucosyl transferases
alter actin cytoskeleton of cells
transfer glucose from UDP-glucose to Rho family GTP ases
inactivates them

66
Q

botulinim toxin (7 types)

A

causes flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscles
inhibits release of acetylcholine at mineral junctions
A, B, E cause disease most often in humans

67
Q

tetaus toxin (1 type)

A

cause contraction, spastic paralysis

inhibit release of neurotransmitter from inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord

68
Q

tetanus toxin and botulinim toxins are dependent on what?

A

zinc!!!!
zinc dependent endopeptidases
incactivate SNARE proteins required for neuroexocytosis (VAMP), 25 kDa SNAP-25, syntaxin
each toxin cleaves one protein at a site
individual serotypes differ in specificity

69
Q

botulinim is used therapeutically for what?

A

for focal dystonias, involuntary movement disorders (strabismus, blepharospasm)
used cosmetically

70
Q

antitoxic antibodies

A

bind toxins and prevent toxicity
antitoxin
don’t prevent infection, or reverse toxic effects after it enters the host cell

71
Q

toxoids

A

derivatives of toxins, retain immunogenicity
lack toxicity
used as vaccines for long term protection agains toxin mediated disease

72
Q

passive immunization

A

administration of antibodies to patient to provide immediate, temporary protection against toxin or agent
duration immunity limited by degradation of antibodies in patient

73
Q

active immunization

A

administration of toxoid to patient to get anti-toxic antibodies

  1. primary series of immunizations, booster doses
  2. active immunity can persist due to memory cells
74
Q

immunotoxins/hormonotoxins

A

hybrid molecules of toxin fragment lacking a receptor binding domain of native toxin
linked by chemical conjugation/as recombinant fusion protein to a ligand or a hormone to receptor binding domain
specific for a receptor that is different from native toxin
intoxicate cells by delivering the toxic fragment of native toxin
many are designed to kill tumor cells that display a tumor specific toxin, but not kill normal cells without that receptor

75
Q

endotoxin

A

lipopolysaccharide
A region
PAMP
LPS infection (associated with shock, DIC)

76
Q

exotoxin

A

heat labile
secreted out of cell
secretor system, strep pyo–scarlet fever
can be injected

77
Q

list the gram + cocci

A 
staph aureus
staph epidermidis
strep pyogenes
viridans strep
enterococcus faecalis/faecium
78
Q

list the gram + rods

A

c. diff
c. Tetani
c. botulinum
c. perfringes

79
Q

list the gram - cocci

A

gonhorrea

80
Q

list the gram - rods

A

e coli

pseudomonas aeruginosa

81
Q

list anerobic organisms

A

bacteroides fragilis

82
Q

lists intracellular bacteria

A

clamydia trachomatis

83
Q

list the bacteria with no cell wall

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

Disease and Defense class of 2019 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions