Unit 4 Flashcards
Legally given permission to participate in a study
Consent
Informed consent helps with the concern that participants may resent being treated merely as objects, even if there’s no other direct harm to the person.
Psychologist must inform participants about the purpose of the research, expected duration, procedures, right to decline and to withdraw from the research, consequences of declining or withdrawing, reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects, any prospective research benefits, limits of confidentiality, incentives for participation, and who to contact for questions and receive answers
To ensure that the participant is taking part voluntarily and is aware of what is about to happen. Ware of risk adverse effects
What is right to privacy, and what is the researchers responsibility with respect to the participants right to privacy?
It is the right not to be disturbed, as well as the right not to reveal certain information about themselves.
Although psychologist respect this right to privacy, it must be balanced against the welfare of society as a whole. The solution to many thorny social problems may require information that people are reluctant to reveal. They have to be careful not to exploit people and remember that the participants are doing them a favor
The researchers must also protect participants privacy by keeping their data private. To protect privacy, data from cases that involve sensitive material should be coded so that all information permitting identification of the individual is destroyed
When is the use of deception justified in research?
When it it it is justified by the study’s significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and when effective non deceptive alternative procedures are not feasible and when it does not cause physical pain or severe emotional distress
A Participant who has been deceived should be provided with a sufficient explanation of the deception as soon afterward as feasible
When experimenters require participants to be naïve about the hypothesis or the true purpose of the research participation
Deception
The process of informing participants after the session of the experiment’s true purpose to increase their understanding and to remove possible harmful effects of deception
Debriefing
Participants must be told the purpose and expected results of the experiment so that their experience has as much educational and personal value for them as possible
What are the views regarding the role of participants in psychological research
According to the traditional view, the participant contribute behavior to the spearmint in much the same way that a participant in a medical experience may contribute a urine specimen. The very term subject is believed by some to imply that the participant is made an object of the study and is dehumanized
Another view of the research participant is popular with feminist humanistic psychologists, who hold that the participant is a colleague who cooperates in providing the data
Some psychologist have argued in the Marxist tradition that the participant should be considered part owner of the data by virtue of having help to create them.
How are animals protected against inhumane treatment as research subjects in accordance with ethical guidelines for psychologists? How might these ethical guidelines affect the validity of research?
Psychologist acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal laws and professional standards. Psychologist training research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment. All individuals under supervision have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the species being used. psychologist make reasonable efforts to minimize discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects. Only use procedure subjecting animals to pain or stress when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective value. Perform surgical procedures under anesthesia avoid infection and minimize pain.
Briefly compare the codes of ethics of the Canadian psychological Association and the American psychological Association
Canadian code recognizes that several principles that are in conflict with one another often operate together in research. In such circumstances, higher order principles are required to resolve an ethical dilemma. A hierarchy of broader ethical principles was established. Respect for the dignity of persons, responsible caring, integrity in relationships, responsibility to society
Evaluate Milgram’s obedience research in relation to the ethical principles discussed in this unit
Ethical concerns about experimentation involving humans did not receive much attention until the 1960s. In psychology, several experience experiments were noted for their contribution as catalysts to the development of ethical guidelines for researchers using human his research participants. In Stanley Milgram series of experiments on obedience, research participants suffered tremendous mental stress for believing that they had inflicted pain on other people. They had unknowingly submitted themselves to the power of obedience to authority.
The decision to conduct research often represented conflict between two sets of values:
The commitment of the psychologist to expanding our knowledge of behavior and the potential benefit the research may have for society
The cost of the research to the participants
Researchers who do not review ethical problems carefully are negligent to society. Also, a researcher who refrains from doing an important study because of an excessively tender conscience is also failing to keep a commitment to The same society that supports behavior research with the hope that it will provide important social benefits. Investigator should discuss the research with colleagues and seek advice about the ethics of the research procedures.
