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Bio > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

A relationship between individuals of two or more species in a community

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2
Q

Intraspecific interactions

A

Occur within a population

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3
Q

Ecology

A

Study of interactions between organisms and their environment

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4
Q

Conservation biology

A

Study of the protection, management, and recovery of biodiversity

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5
Q

Environmental biology

A

Study of the impacts of human activities on the environment (use of fossil fuels, water use, agriculture, urbanization, use of pesticides).

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6
Q

Aspect

A

(Direction the slope of a mountain or hill faces). Affects sunlight and temperature influencing plants and animals that live there

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7
Q

Biomes

A

Groupings by similar vegetation structure and look and associated with certain types of animals and abiotic features (desert, tropical rain forest).

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8
Q

Estuary

A

Transition zone between river and open ocean

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9
Q

Tropical rain forest

A

A terrestrial biome characterized by relatively high precipitation and temperatures year round

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10
Q

Epiphyte

A

A plant that nourishes itself but grows on the surface of another plant for support, usually on branches or trunks of trees

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11
Q

Savanna

A

A tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees and large herbivores and maintained by occasional fires and drought.

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12
Q

Fauna

A

Animals, often includes large migratory herbivores

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13
Q

Desert

A

A terrestrial biome characterized by very low precipitation

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14
Q

Chaparral

A

A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore. Characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers

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15
Q

Temperate grassland

A

A terrestrial biome that exists at midlatitudes regions and is dominated by grasses and forbs

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16
Q

Temperate broadleaf forest

A

A biome located throughout midlatitudes regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees

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17
Q

Ecotone

A

When two biomes meet and blend into each other

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18
Q

Northern coniferous forest (taiga)

A

A terrestrial biome characterized by long, cold winters and dominated by cone-bearing trees

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19
Q

Tundra

A

A terrestrial biome at the extreme limits of plant growth. Arctic (northernmost limits), alpine (high altitudes where plants form)

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20
Q

Permafrost

A

Deep soil is permanently frozen

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21
Q

Aquatic biomes

A

Cover majority of the earths surface. Mostly ocean (75%)

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22
Q

Photic zone

A

The narrow top layer of an ocean or lake, where light penetrates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur.

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23
Q

Aphotic

A

The part of an ocean or lake beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur

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24
Q

Benthic zone

A

The bottom surface of an aquatic environment

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25
Q

Turnover

A

The mixing of waters as a result of changing water-temperature profiles in a lake
Mixes oxygenated water from surface with nutrient-rich water from bottom where detritus sinks to

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26
Q

Invasive species

A

A species, often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range

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27
Q

Population ecology

A

The study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size.

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28
Q

Community ecology

A

The study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

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29
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of diseases in populations

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30
Q

Mark-recapture method

A

A sampling technique used to estimate the size of animal populations.

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31
Q

Territoriality

A

A behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species

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32
Q

Cohort

A

A group of individuals of the same age in a population

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33
Q

Exponential population growth

A

Growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time

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34
Q

Zero population growth (ZPG)

A

A period of stability in population size, when additions to the population through births and immigration are balanced by subtractions through deaths and emigrations

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35
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum populations size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K.

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36
Q

Logistic population growth

A

Population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity

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37
Q

Density dependent

A

Referring to any characteristic that varies with population density

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38
Q

Density independent

A

Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density

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39
Q

Semelparity

A

Reproduction in which an organism produces all of its offspring in a single event; also known as big-bang reproduction

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40
Q

Iteroparity

A

Reproduction in which adults produce offspring over many years; also known as repeated reproduction

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41
Q

R-selected

A

Rapid reproduction, large number of small offspring, little parental care

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42
Q

K-selected

A

Fewer offspring, well-provisioned or cared for, increased competitive ability

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43
Q

Ecological footprint

A

Area of resources used per person

44
Q

Community

A

All the different species in 1 place

45
Q

Competition

A

When 2 or more organisms use same resource and the resource is limited

46
Q

Interspecific

A

Different species

47
Q

Intraspecific

A

Same species

48
Q

Niche

A

All the biotic and abiotic resources an organism use in its environment

49
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The range of conditions a species has the potential to live

50
Q

Realized niche

A

The portion of those conditions that is actually occupied

51
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

The concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population

52
Q

Barnacles

A

Have jointed legs and are closely related to pill bugs and shrimp

53
Q

Intertidal zone

A

The shallow zone of the ocean adjacent to land and between the high-and-low tide lines

54
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are in short supply

55
Q

Niche shifts

A

Resource partitioning

56
Q

Character displacement

A

The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

57
Q

Predation

A

Prey is killed and consumed

58
Q

Parasitism

A

Obtain resources for host but don’t always kill it

59
Q

Herbivory

A

Plant is consumed partly or entirely

60
Q

Coevolution

A

The joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other

61
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

The bright warning coloration of many animals with effective physical or chemical defenses

62
Q

Associative learning

A

The acquired ability to associate one environmental feature with another

63
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

Camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background

64
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species look like a species that is poisonous or other wise harmful to predators

65
Q

Mullerian mimcry

A

Reciprocal mimicry by two unpalatable species

66
Q

Mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit

67
Q

Species richness

A

The number of species in a biological community

68
Q

Species diversity

A

The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community

69
Q

Relative abundance

A

The proportional abundance of different species in a community

70
Q

Trophic structure

A

The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling

71
Q

Food web

A

The interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem

72
Q

Top-down

A

Control goes from higher to lower trophic levels

Predators->herbivores->vegetation->nutrients

73
Q

Bottom-up

A

Control goes from lower to higher trophic levels

Nutrients->vegetation->herbivores->predators

74
Q

Keystone species

A

A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on a community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche

75
Q

Ecological succession

A

Transition in the species composition of a community following a disturbance; establishment of a community in an area virtually barren of life

76
Q

Primary succession

A

A type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed

77
Q

Secondary succession

A

A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that levels the soil or substrate intact

78
Q

Zoonotic pathogens

A

A disease causing agent that is transmitted to humans from other animals

79
Q

Primary producer

A

An autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism. Collectively, autotrophs make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels

80
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact.
Community + abiotic

81
Q

Net primary productivity

A

The gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by all autotrophs and heterotrophs by respiration

82
Q

Secondary production

A

The amount of chemical energy in consumers food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given period

83
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

Movement of chemicals through ecosystems (including through organisms)

84
Q

Assimilate

A

Take in

85
Q

Transpiration

A

The evaporative loss of water from a plant

86
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

The natural process by which nitrogen is converted by soil bacteria to compounds assimilated by plants. It is then taken in by other organisms, released, and made available again to the nonliving environment

87
Q

Bioremediation

A

Using plants, bacteria, or other organisms to clean up polluted ecosystems

88
Q

Restoration ecology

A

Re-establishing ecosystem was that have been lost or heavily degraded

89
Q

Conservation biology

A

The integrated study of ecology, evolutionary biology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics to sustain biological diversity at all levels

90
Q

Taxol

A

Anti-ovarian cancer drug resulted from U.S. gov’t testing of over 30,000 plant species

91
Q

Madagascar periwinkle

A

Drug has changed survival from childhood leukemia from 10% to 90%

92
Q

Digitalin

A

For heart

93
Q

Bioprospecting

A

Screening chemicals in wild plants for potential medicinal uses

94
Q

Ecosystem services

A

Products and processes provided by wild organisms that benefit people

95
Q

Bush meat

A

In developing countries, many wild animals hunted and sold as food
(Elephants tusks, rhinos horn)

96
Q

Assisted migration

A

The translocation of a species to a favorable habitat beyond its native range for the purpose of protecting the species from human caused threats

97
Q

Inbreeding

A

Mating with close relatives

98
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

The decrease of fitness due to inbreeding

99
Q

Extinction vortex

A

A downward population spiral in which inbreeding and genetic drift combine to cause a small population to shrink and, unless the spiral is reversed, become extinct

100
Q

Nature reserves

A

Area of habitat where human activities are managed to maintain biodiversity

101
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem

102
Q

Species biodiversity

A

Different species on the planet

102
Q

Anthropocentric

A

Regarding the human being as the central fact of the universe

103
Q

Biosphere

A

All the ecosystems of the world together

104
Q

Abyssal zone

A

Extremely deep ocean bottom

105
Q

Detritus

A

Dead organic matter

106
Q

Niche overlap

A

Determines the strength of competition between species

Bio (9 decks)

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