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Bio > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Body is shaped like a pie or barrel and can be divided into mirror imaged halves by any plane through its central axis

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2
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Central longitudinal plane divides the body into two equal but opposite halves

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3
Q

Cephalization

A

Evolutionary trend towards the concentration of sensory equipment at the anterior end of the body

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4
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball of cells that marks the end of the cleavage stage during early embryonic development in animals

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5
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos. Gives rise to skin, nerves

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost of the three primary germ layers. Gives rise to gut lining

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle primary germ layer in a triploblastic animal embryo. Gives rise to muscle, skeleton, circulatory system. Develops into notochord

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8
Q

Gastrula

A

Embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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9
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

Embryonic development in protostomes that casts the fate of each embryonic cell very early

Cell types fixed early

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10
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

Early embryo cells can each form a complete organism

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11
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of cells in an animal

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12
Q

Suspension feeder

A

Aquatic animal such as sponge that feeds by sifting small organisms or food particles from water

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13
Q

Polyp

A

Sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan

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14
Q

Medusa

A

Floating, flattened, mouth-down version of cnidarian body plan

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15
Q

Gastrodermis

A

Stomach skin layer, lines gastrovascular cavity

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16
Q

Diploblastic

A

2 tissue layer (ectoderm &; endoderm, no mesoderm)

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17
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Stinging cells

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18
Q

Protonephridia

A

An excretory system, such as flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings
Simple organ for proper dilution

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19
Q

Septae

A

Segmented dividers

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20
Q

Ingestion

A

First stage of food processing in animals

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21
Q

Nephron

A

Tubular excretory unit of vertebrate kidney

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22
Q

Mantle

A

Surrounds visceral mass, secretes shell

One of three parts of mollusc

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23
Q

Visceral mass

A

Contains organs

Part of mollusc

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24
Q

Foot

A

For movement

Part of mollusc

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25
Q

Cuticle

A

External coat of nematodes and Arthropods

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26
Q

Molting

A

A process in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals, allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton

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27
Q

Entomopathogenic

A

(Insect disease causing) nematodes attack plant eating insects, helping crops

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28
Q

Temperate

A

Moderate, not extremely cold or extremely hot

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29
Q

Tracheal system of Arthropods

A

Branching air tubes via openings on lateral abdomen, thorax

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30
Q

Chelicera

A

One of a pair of claw like feeding appendages, inject venom

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31
Q

Isopod

A

Member of crustaceans, pill bugs or wood lice

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32
Q

Metamorphosis

A

A developmental transformation that turns an animal larva into either an adult or an adult like stage that is not yet sexually mature

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33
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

A type of development in certain insects in which the young resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions

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34
Q

Water vascular system

A

Use sea water instead of blood for gas exchange; oxygen in, CO2 out

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35
Q

Echinoderm

A

A slow moving or sessile marine deuterostome with a water vascular system and in larvae bilateral symmetry. Include sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

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36
Q

Invertebrate

A

Animal with out backbone. Make up 95% of animal species

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37
Q

Notochord

A

Semirigid rod along length of body in embryo of chordate. Runs along dorsal part of body

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38
Q

Neural tube

A

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

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39
Q

Pharyngeal slit

A

In chordate embryo, one of the slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicate to the outside. Later develop into gill slits in many vertebrae

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40
Q

Lancelet

A

Member of the clade cephalochordata, basal, invertebrate chordate

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41
Q

Hagfish

A

Chordate that lacks a backbone

42
Q

Lamprey

A

Vertebrate that lacks jaws

43
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Vertebrates with jaws

44
Q

Tetrapods

A

Vertebrates with 4 limbs

45
Q

Amphibians

A

Vertebrates with limbs but not amniotic eggs

46
Q

Amniotes

A

Member of a clade of tetrapods named for key derived character, the amniotic egg, which contain specialized membranes, including fluid filled amnion that protect the embryo. Includes reptiles, mammals and birds

47
Q

Extraembryonic

A

Outside of embryo

48
Q

Amnion

A

Contains embryo and fluid to protect against shocks

49
Q

Yolk sac

A

Contains nutrients that are transported to the embryo

50
Q

Allantois

A

Waste receptacle

51
Q

Chorion

A

Gas exchange

52
Q

Lateral line system

A

Pits with sensory hairs detect changes in water pressure

53
Q

Oviparous

A

Type of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mothers body

54
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Eggs remain in oviduct, fed by yolk, then hatch and released

55
Q

Viviparous

A

Young develop in females uterus, receive nourishment from mothers uterine blood or placenta

56
Q

Swim bladder

A

An air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in water

57
Q

External fertilization

A

The fusion of gametes that parents have discharged into the environment

58
Q

Internal fertilization

A

The fusion of eggs and sperm within the female reproductive tract. Sperm is usually deposited in or near tract

59
Q

Ectothermic

A

Referring to organisms for which external sources provide most of heat for temperature regulation

60
Q

Extant

A

Exist

61
Q

Transitional fossil

A

Fossilized remains that exhibit traits common to both an ancestral and derived descendent groups

62
Q

Gizzard

A

Muscular grinder in gut

63
Q

Endothermic (homeothermic)

A

Heat generated by own metabolism

64
Q

Mammary gland

A

Secretes milk, characteristic of mammals

65
Q

Diaphragm

A

Sheets of muscle between thorax and abdomen

66
Q

Secondary palate

A

Separates food and air paths, prey in mouth and still breath, chew longer; suckle and breathe

67
Q

Exaptation

A

Trait that has been co-opted for use other than the one for which it was built

68
Q

Marsupial

A

A mammal whose young complete their embryonic development inside a maternal pouch called the marsupium

69
Q

Placenta

A

Structure in pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mothers blood supply

70
Q

Monotremes

A

Egg laying mammals that lack nipples

71
Q

Eutherians

A

Placental mammals whose young complete embryonic development in uterus, joined to mother by placenta

72
Q

Opposable thumb

A

Thumb can touch tips of all other fingers, allowing great dexterity and ability to grip

73
Q

Hominindae

A

A member of the human branch of the evolutionary tree

74
Q

Founder effect

A

A type of random genetic drift

75
Q

Lactase persistence

A

Continuing to produce lactase, an enzyme that digest lactose

76
Q

Stimulus

A

In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response

77
Q

Homeostasis

A

The steady-state physiological condition of the body

78
Q

Predation

A

An interaction between species in which one species, the predator, eats the prey

79
Q

Signal

A

In animal behavior, transmission of a stimulus from one animal to another

80
Q

Innate behavior

A

All members of a population exhibit same behaviors even if they develop under different conditions

81
Q

Learned behavior

A

Behavior of an individual is modified based on its specific experiences

82
Q

Imprinting

A

Combination of innate and learned behaviors. Long lasting behavioral response formed to an individual or object

83
Q

Associative learning

A

Association of a stimulus with a reward or punishment

84
Q

Social learning

A

Observing and copying behaviors of other individuals

85
Q

Foraging

A

Behaviors for locating and obtaining food

86
Q

Optimal foraging

A

The basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise between feeding costs and feeding benefits

87
Q

Monogamy

A

1 mate for males and females

88
Q

Polygyny

A

More than one mate for males

89
Q

Polyandry

A

More than one mate for females

90
Q

Polygynandry

A

Multiple mates by both males and females

91
Q

Polygamy

A

Type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other

92
Q

Altruism

A

Behavior that reduces an animals fitness but increases the fitness of another member of the population

93
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

Individual benefits from helping a non relative if the relative later returns the favor

94
Q

Heterotrophs

A

An organism that obtains food by eating another organism

95
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

A central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals that functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

96
Q

Pharynx

A

Region of digestive tube behind mouth

97
Q

Dentition

A

Tooth pattern

98
Q

Arboreal

A

Tree dwelling

99
Q

Behavior

A

Action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus

100
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells similar in appearance and or function

101
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

A series of programmed behaviors in response to a stimulus even if the stimulus stops

Bio (9 decks)

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