unit 4 Flashcards
persist over an extended period of time
chronic stressors
brief focal events, can be overwhelming after event
acute stressors
good stress associated with positive feelings, optimal health, and performance
eustress
optimal level combines
eustress and distress
excessive and dehabilitating stress, performance will decline
distress
accelerated heart rate, headaches, or gastrointestinal problems
physiological stress response
difficulty concentrating or making decision
cognitive stress response
drinking alcohol, smoking, or taking actions directed at eliminating cause of stress
behavioral stress response
scientific study of how stress and other psychological factors impact health impact health and how people respond to illness
health psychology
developed fight or flight response
walter cannon
sympathetic NS response to a specific stressor, assists in maintaining homeostasis, pupils dilate, HR increases, respiration quickens, sweat
fight or flight response
stress expert, accidentally discovered that prolonged negative stimulation (stressors) caused rats to show signs of adrenal enlargement, thymus, lymph node shrinkage, stomach ulceration
hans selye
bodys nonspecific physiological response to stress
general adaptation syndrome
body’s immediate reaction
alarm reaction
body has adapted to stressor, remains on alert, and prepared to respond like alarm reaction with less intensity
stage of exhaustion
sympathetic triggers arousal via release of adrenaline, activates fight or flight, simultaneously HPA axis activates
alarm reaction
stress has favorable effects
in short bursts
threatened death or serious injury, men and minorities report more traumatic groups
traumatic events
chronic stress reaction caused by painful memories
PTSD
43 major life events, that require readjustment, many pleasant life events are listed, can add up over time
social readjustment rating scale (SSRS)
minor irritations and annoyances that are part of daily life
daily hassles
work situation that combines excessive job demands and workload with little discretion in decision making)
job burnout
high levels of cortisol become vulnerable to infection or disease
chronic stress
physical disorders or diseases that are worsened by stress and emotional factorfs
psychphysiological disorders
identified as a risk factor for chronic health problems and mortality
nuertocism
major pathways that stress and emotional factors can take leading to illness and disease
immune system
psychological factors that influence immune system and functioning
psychneuroimmunology
in people with more childhood trauma, shortened telomeres, meaning
inhibited cell division, rapid aging
focus of psychophysiological disorders because they are central to stress response
cardiovascular disorders
one in three US deaths and leading cause of developed world deaths
heart disease
risk factor of heart disease
hypertension, high BP, obesity, diabetes,
chest pains, discomfort when hear doesn’t receive enough blood, shortness of breath
angina
aggressive and chronic struggle to achieve more, excessive competitive drive, chronic sense of time urgency, impatience, hostility towards others
type A
more relaxed and laid back
type B
anger and hostility substantially elevated
heart disease risk
angry and hostile moods create
social strain
heart disease linked to
negative affectivity (tend to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear)
mental and behavioral efforts to deal with stress
coping
manage or alter problem causing stress, more likely with controllable stressor
problem focused coping
efforts to change or reduce negative emotions from stress, more likely with an uncontrollable stressor
emotion focused coping
beliefs about personal capacity to exert influence over and shape oucomes
perceived control
better physical and mental health and greater well being, lower reactivity
personal control
lack of personal control over threatening, harmful, or noxious events
negative psych consequences
dogs placed in chamber, failed to try to escape, seligan experiment, led to
learned helplessness (belief that powerless to do anything about stress situation)
strong interpersonal relationships with close, caring individuals that help during times of distress and fear
social support
combines relaxation with transcental meditation, four components, comfy chair, close eyes, repeat mantra, allow mind to focus
relaxation response technique
uses electronic equipment to accurately measure a person’s neuromuscular and autonomic activity
biofeedback
an enduring state of mind consisting of joy, contentment, and other positive emotions, plus sense that ones life has meaning
happiness
characterized as subjective well being
happiness
elements of happiness
pleasant life, good life, meaning full life
factors connected to happiness
age, family, social relationships, religion, and culture
predicting intensity and duration of future emotions
affective forecasting
science of happiness, seeks to identify and promote qualities that lead to greater fulfillment, focus on people’s strengths and what helps them lead content lives
positive psych
pleasurable engagement with environment, such as happiness or joy, can be brief or long lasting
positive affect
tendency to look on bright side of things
optimism
particular experience that is so engaging and engrossing it becomes worth doing for its own sake
flow
abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
psych disorder
study of psych disorders, simplest approach to label behaviors, thoughts and inner experiences
psychopathology
deviate from normal
atypical
internal mechanism that no longer perform its normal function leading to negative consequences
harmful dysfunction
significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psych, or developmental dysfunctional, lead to significant distress, and do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses
psych disorders
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, diagnosis, features, criteria, prevalence, risk factors
DSM
OCD and major depressive frequently occur, are
comorbid
international classification of diseases, used for clinical use
ICD
psych disorders attributed to forces beyond scientific understanding, treatment was torture
supernatural perspective
psych disorders linked to biology like genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities
biological perspective
emphasizes the importance of stress, learning, self defeating, and environmental factors, views cause of disorders as a combo of bio and psychosocial factors
psychosocial perspective
integrates factors to predict likelihood of disorder
diathesis-stress model
more likely to develop when faced with adverse events,
predisposition
can be biological or psych
diathesis
instant reaction to imminent threat
fear
apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event
anxiety
excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, related to disturbances in behavior
anxiety disorders
experience excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
specific phobia
fear of marketplace, characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations that might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences a panic attack
agoraphobia
classical conditioning, vicarious learning, and verbal transmission of info
acquisition of phobias
extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations where person cannot be evaluated negatively by others
social anxiety disorder
avoiding eye contact, assume minimal roles, rehearse, wear bland clothing
safety behavior
recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, work over panic attacks, period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly, cannot be a result of drugs or other conditions
panic disorder
accelerated HR, sweating, trembling, choking, hot flashes, fear of dying
panic disorder symptoms
continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension, worry about routine
generalized anxiety disorder
worry represents a mental strategy to avoid more powerful negative emotions stemming from trauma, acts as distraction
cognitive theory
intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behavior
obsessive compulsive disorder
persistence, urges, distressing
obsessions
repetitive and ritualistic acts that minimize obsessions or distress
compulsions
