unit 1 Flashcards
scientific study of the mind and behavior
psychology
based on observation and experimentation
empirical method
first psychologist
Wundt
someone examines their own conscious experience as objective as possible, making the human mind studyable
introspection
focus on the contents of mental processes rather than their function (Titcherer)
structuralism
proposed the unconscious mind, led to psychoanalytic theory
freud
psychs purpose is to study the function of behavior (adaptations)
functionalism
focus on the role of a person’s unconscious and childhood experience
psychoanalytic theory
people respond to the whole stimulus, developed in Germany, left out of behaviorism
Gestalt psych
learning and observing and controlling behavior, conditioning, used in classes and therapy
behaviorism
box used to study behaviorism, positive and negative reinforcement
skinner box
linguistics, neuroscience, computer science, leading to an increased interest in psych again
cognitive revolution
certain populations (WEIRD) overstudied, study of diverse populations
multicultural psych
organization that represents US psychologists
american psychological association (APA)
explores how biology leads to behavior
biopsychology
study of the ultimate cause of behavior
evolutionary psych
studies thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions
cognitive psych
study of development across lifespan
developmental psych
patterns of though and behavior leading to the unique individual
personality psych
personality trait model
5 factor model, openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
study of mind and behavior
psychology
understanding the conscious experience through introspection, examined the mind in pieces
structuralism
associated with structuralism, founder of psych
william wundt
focused on how whole mind interacts to allow for adaptation and survival, later became behaviorism
functionalism
influenced by Darwin, first American psychologist, believed in examining whole mind
william james
influential figure in psych, psychoanalyst (and theory)
Sigmund Freud
theory that dominated clinical psych for many decades, studied hysteria and neurosis, theorized that many patients problems arose from the unconscious mind, dream analysis, early childhood experiences
psychoanalytic theory
Kohler, Koffka, Wertheimer, WHOLE MIND, how parts relate is what an individual responds to, ideas influence sensation and perception research
Gestalt Psych
discovered the concept of classical conditioning (reflex response manipulated to produce response to a different stimulus)
Ivan Pavlov
father of behaviorism, believed objective introspection impossible, focused on observable behavior
John B Watson
famous for operant conditioning, Skinner box (reinforcement and punishment to manipulate behavior)
B.F. Skinner
created a hierarchy of human needs, part of humanism
Maslow
developed client centered therapy, patient takes lead role in therapy, positive regard, genuine, empathy
Carl Rogers
good is innate to all humans
humanism
linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science, made mind focus of science again
cognitive revolution in the 1950s
influential in cognitive revolution, believed psych needed to study mental functioning
Noah Chomsky
first woman to earn a doctorate in psych, studied animal behavior
Margaret Floy Washburn
father of black psych
Francis Sumnur
study of how structure and function of the nervous system causes behavior
biopsychology
focuses on both physiological aspects of sensory systems and the experience of sensory info
sensation and perception
studies physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation, social skills, morals, etc
developmental psych
famous for theories on cognitive development
jean piaget
focuses on behaviors and thoughts unique to each individual, five factor model, conscious and unconscious thinking
personality psych
how indvs interact and relate with others, and how interactions affect behavior, prejudice, attraction, etc
social psych
branch that focuses on how indv health is directly related to biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences
health psych
focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psych disorders, involves clinical therapy OR counseling
clinical psych
take cognitive processes and behaviors into account when providing psychotherapy
cognitive behavioral therapists
branch that applies psych theories to industrial and organizational settings, involves personnel management, workplace
industrial-organizational psych
focus on psychological aspects regarding sports and physical performance, motivation, anxiety,
sports and exercise psych
brach of psych dealing with the justice system, assessment of mental competency, eyewitness, etc
forensic psych
require a phd or masters, can involve research, teaching, counseling, etc
careers in psych
making a hole in the skull allowing for evil spirits to leave the body, curing mental illness
trephination
first woman to earn a PhD
Margaret floy washburn
opposed the behaviorist movement and conducted research on memory
mary whiton calkins
first black to earn a Phd in psych, researched racial bias, founder of howard psych department
francis sumner
first black woman to earn a phd, researched education issues in segregated schools, influential in B v Board of edu
inez beverly prosser
goes from broad generalization and theories to a specific observation
deductive reasonig
goes from many specific observations to broader generalizations and theories
inductive reasoning
well developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for many observations, falsifiable
theory
tentative and testable statement or prediction about the relationship between two or more variables
hypothesis
why have freuds theories fallen out of favof
not falsifiable
testing through observation
naturalistic observation
made a career of conducting naturalistic observations in chimpanzee behavior
jane goodall
consciously or unconsciously altering results to fit expected results
observer bias
assesses the consistency of different rater’s observations
interrater reliability
focus on one individual, in extreme or unique circumstances, difficult to generalize to larger pop
clinical or case studies
administered electronically
survey
examines records, whether hardcopy or electronic
archival research
helps to better understand association, over long period of time
longitudinal research
researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time
cross sectional research
relationship between two or more variables, between -1 and 1, not causation
correlation
changes in one variable cause changes in the other, only determined through experimental research
cause and effect
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, giving false impression
confounding variable
seeing relationships between two things when in reality no relationship exists
illusory correlations
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves beliefs
confirmation bias
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure dependent and manipulate independent variable
operational definition
the participants that experience a manipulated variable
experimental group
particpants that do not experience a manipulated variable, basis for comparison
control group
researcher expectations alter the results
experimenter bias
participant expectations alter results
participant bias
experiment where the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental and control group
single blind study
experiment where both researchers and participants are blind to assignments
double blind study
peoples expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
placebo effect
overall group of individuals a researcher is interested in
population
subset of indvs from larger population
sample
subset of larger pop where every member has an equal chance of being selected, more representative of population
random sample
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group, without, experiment cannot find a true cause and effect, helps avoid preexisting systematic differences
random assignment
when independent variables cannot be manipulated
quasi experimental
determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance or ind variable (p<0.05)
statistical analysis
article read by several other scientists with expertise for feedback, determine if replication is possible
peer reviewed journal article
research suggesting vaccines cause autism
has been retracted
positron emission tomography
PET scan
computed tomography
CT scan
functional magnetic resonance imaging
fMRI
explored the concept of inheritance of traits throughout generations
Darwin
organisms that are better suited for the environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off
natural selection
long strand of DNA
chromosome
helix shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs
DNA
sequence of DNA that control or partially controls physical characteristics known as traits
gene
variations of a gene
allele
the genetic makeup of an individual based on DNA inherited from parents
genotype
physical characteristics
phenotype
work together to make us who we are
nature and nurture, genetic environmental correlation
asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we fall
range of reaction
made up of glia and neurons
nervous system
made up of soma, cell membrane, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons
neurons
space between terminal button and dendrites, passes neurotransmitters
synapse
Na more concentrated in extracellular fluid, K more concentrated in cytoplasm
resting potential
electrical charge across membranes changes dramatically, all or none processes
action potential
involves moving a neurotransmitter from a synapse back into the axon terminal
reuptake
focuses on the physiological causes of behavior, believes psych disorders are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems
biological perspective
drugs that treat psych symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance
pyschotropic medications
responsible for mood, sleep, learning, pleasure, suppressed appetite
dopamine
responsible for brain function, sleep, decreased anxiety, decreased tension
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
responsible for memory, learning,
glutamate
responsible for heart, intestines, alertness, arousal, suppressed appetite
norepinephrine
responsible for mood, sleep, appetite
seratonin
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
somatic and autonomic nervous system, nerves
peripheral nervous system
touch, hearing, etc
somatic nervous system
internal senses, emergency and housekeeping responses
autonomic PNS
emergency response, increased heart rate, etc.
sympathetic PNS
housekeeping PNS
parasympathetic
comprised of billions of interconnected neurons, two sided brain,
brain
delivers messages to and from the brain, own system or reflexes
spinal cord
bring messages in and up to the brain
sensory nerves
send messages to the muscles and organs
motor nerves
divides brain into left and right
longitudinal fissure
specialization of function
lateralization
connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
severing of corpus callosum, done to treat severe seizures, left side responsible for language and connected to right visual field
split brain
part of the neuron that keeps the interior parts inside and prevents extracellular fluid and ions from entering
cell membrane
behavioral effect of too little seratonin released into the synaptic cleft
decreased mood regulation
part of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics
genes
when you calm down its thanks to
parasympathetic NS
largest part of the brain, has cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus
forebrain
higher level processing in the brain
cerebral cortex
sensory relay
thalamus
maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus
largest part of the brain, involved in executive functioning (planning, attention, motor control, emotion, language)
frontal love
strip of cortex in frontal lobe that plans and coordinates movements
motor cortex
responsible for higher level cognitive functioning
prefrontal cortex
region in the LEFT hemisphere that is essential for producing language
Broca’s area
frontal lobe was damaged in an accident causing changed personality
phineas gage
involved in processing various sensory and perceptual info, has somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe
essential for processing sensory info from body such as touch, temp, and pain
somatosensory cortex
associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language, TEMPO
temporal lobe
strip of cortex responsible for processing auditory info
auditory cortex
important for speech comprehension and understanding language
Wernicke’s area
mediates emotional response and memory, has hippocampus, amygdala, hypothal and thal
limbic system
memory
hippocampus
generated emotion and empathy
amygdala
everything good, maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus
relay center of brain
thalamus
visual processing (retinotopic processing)
occipital lobe
important in regulating sleep and wake cycle, arousal, alertness, in mid brain
reticular formation
where dopamine is produced, control of movement
substantia nigra
where dopamine is produced, associate with mood, reward, and addiciton
ventral tegmental area VTA
degeneration of these involved in parkinsons
VTA and substantia nigra
contains medulla, pons, and cerebellum
hindbrain
controls automated processes like breathing, BP, HR
medulla
connects the brain and spinal cord, involved in regulating brain activity during sleep
pons
controls balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, thought to be important in processing some types of memory
cerebellum
the VTA is involved in balance and coordination
false
brocas area helps comprehend speech
false
allows to observe metabolization of glucose
PET scan
allows to observe metabolization of oxygen
fMRI
imaging that allows observation of electrical activity
EEG
forms of radiation brain imaging
CT, PET
uses x rays to scan brain, shows tumors, shows density
CT
drink or inject with mildly radioactive tracer bound to glucose, monitor metabolization, which shows cerebral activity
PET
magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged
MRI
MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time, metabolization of oxygen
fMRI
measures electrical charge from neural firing
EEG
responsible for anxiety, alcohol is an agonist
GABA
responsible for learning
glutamate
feel good, agonists are drugs and alcohol
dopamine
increases alertness, makes adrenaline
noriepinephrine
mood regulation
5HT
depression and suppressed appetite
too little seratonin
five steps of neuron firing
resting potential, chemical message, threshold of excitation, action potential, repolarize
how is the inside of a neuron charged at resting potential
negative
block neurostransmitters
antagonist drugs
mimic neurotransmitters
agonist drugs
