UNIT 4 Flashcards
What is the order of cranial meninges from superficial to deep?
Dura mater → Arachnoid → Pia mater
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
A horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
What is the falx cerebri?
The largest of the four dural septa, this large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
What is the septum pellucidum?
A partition between the lateral ventricles.
What structure forms cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexus.
Where are brain ventricles located?
Brain ventricles are continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord.
What is the corpus callosum?
The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres.
What part of the brain is primarily involved with vision?
Occipital lobe.
What are association tracts?
Tracts that connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.
What are commissural tracts?
Tracts that extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
What are projection tracts?
Tracts that link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord.
What structures are contained in the diencephalon?
Epithalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus.
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycle.
What is the brainstem?
The most caudal part of the brain, which is continuous with the spinal cord.
What is the medulla oblongata?
Part of the brainstem that controls autonomic functions.
What cranial nerve is composed of only motor fibers?
Cranial nerve VI.
What cranial nerve is responsible for movement of the medial rectus?
Cranial nerve responsible for movement of the medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, and the inferior rectus.
What is Bell’s palsy?
A condition characterized by paralysis of facial muscles, eyelid droop, and sagging at the corners of the mouth, affecting cranial nerve VII.
What is the order of the parts of the spinal cord from superior to inferior?
Cervical - Thoracic - Lumbar - Sacral.
What is the conus medullaris?
The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord.
What is the filum terminale?
A thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx.
What is the subarachnoid space?
Space associated with the spinal cord meninges containing cerebrospinal fluid.
What do the posterior horns of the spinal cord contain?
Sensory neurons.
What structure contains unmyelinated axons in the spinal cord?
Gray matter.
What are cervical plexuses?
Network of interwoven anterior rami of spinal nerves that lie on either side of the neck.
What is the brachial plexus?
Plexus that supplies the upper limbs.
Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located?
In the posterior root ganglion.
What is the sacral plexus?
Plexus formed from the anterior rami of L4-S4.
What is a dermatome?
A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.
What is the preganglionic neuron?
The first of the two ANS lower motor neurons.
What is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
Skeletal muscle.
What do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system contain?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
How does the ANS innervate its effectors?
Uses pathways that include two-neuron chains.
What is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Long postganglionic axons.
Which division of the ANS dominates after a large meal?
Parasympathetic division.
What neurons may the ANS receive input from?
Visceral sensory neurons.
What cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
CN III, VII, IX, X.
