Study Guide Flashcards
Another name for the skin is the
cutaneous
Which function of the integument requires ultraviolet (UV) light?
Synthesis of vitamin D3
Among the stimuli detected by the sensory receptors of the skin is
pressure, cold, heat, vibration
All of the choices are correct
From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is
basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum
(Come Let’s Get Sun Burnt)
Keratinocytes are
the most abundant cell type in the epidermis; sometimes alive and sometimes dead, depending on where found; found throughout all epidermal strata; able to synthesize the protein keratin
All of the choices are correct
An individual reaches into her backpack and feels around for a pencil. What epidermal cells are being used to detect the different objects?
Tactile cells
Skin color results from a combination of
melanin, hemoglobin, carotene
The function of melanin in the skin is to
protect against UV light
Which of the following would be expected in a patient with liver failure resulting in accumulation of bilirubin in the blood?
Jaundice
As a young man chokes on a piece of food, the oxygen level in his blood drops. Which of the following h would be a sign of the oxygen deficiency
Cyanosis
Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood?
Capillary hemangiomas
Among the components of the dermis are
Sweat glands; Hair follicles; Collagen fibers; Sensory nerve endings; Smooth muscle tissue
ALL CHOICES
Blood capillaries that supply the epidermis are located in the
dermal papillae
An individual may become pale when exposed to cold temperatures. This is due to
vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels
A student examines a section of skin and hypodermis under the microscope. She observes a region composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue. Which of the following is she observing?
Subcutaneous layer
Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum of the epidermis
corneum
When someone trims their fingernails, they are cutting down the
free edge
Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males?
Terminal
Fine hair called, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs.
vellus
When someone gets a haircut, what are they trimming?
the hair shaft
What structure is responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing ‘goose bumps’?
the arrector pili muscle
Which structure does not contain cartilage?
Stomach
Which is not a function of cartilage?
Synthesizes red blood cells
Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage would be punctured if you chose to pierce the auricle of your ear?
Elastic cartilage
Which is not a function of bone?
Hormone synthesis
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
Which is not stored in bone?
Protein
A metatarsal bone is an example of what type of bone?
long
The bones of the wrist are classified as what type of bones?
short
An example of a flat bone would be the?
parietal
Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate?
Metaphysis
The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called?
the endosteum
What are cells that produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix called?
osteoblasts
What bone cells break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes?
osteoclasts
In compact bone, what are the matrix rings that surround the central canal of each osteon called?
concentric lamellae
What structures connect adjacent lacunae in compact bone?
canaliculi
What is compact bone composed of?
tubular units called osteons
Which is not correct about spongy bone?
It is composed of tubular units called osteons
What long bone feature will an orthodontist use to assess a patient’s stage of growth?
Epiphyseal plate
Each of the depressions on the maxillae and mandible that holds a tooth is called a(n)
Alvelous
Which bone marking does not serve as an articulating surface?
Epicondyle
Each of the depressions on the maxillae and mandible that holds a tooth is called a(n)
a. alveolus
- Which bone marking does not serve as an articulating surface?
Epicondyle
- The term diarthrosis refers to a joint that is
a. freely mobile
- The sagittal suture is a(n)
a. fibrous joint
- An articular capsule is present in
a. synovial joints
- The pubic symphysis is classified as a a.
cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis
- If the structure of a fibrous joint makes it highly stable. what is likely regarding its mobility?
a. It will have a low degree of mobility
- The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a
a. syndesmosis
The highlighted joint is an example of a(n) _______ joint.
synarthrotic
Gomphoses are found only in _______.
tooth sockets
What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis?
Fibrocartilage
Which is not true about synovial joints?
Blood circulates within the joint cavity to nourish the articular cartilage
Fluid-filled sacs that cushion synovial joints are called _______.
bursae
An interphalangeal joint moves in one plane of space, & is therefore classified as a(n) _______ joint.
uniaxial
Which joint is multiaxial?
Ball-and-socket
When a child lifts a bucket laterally and places it on a shelf to her side, her shoulder is undergoing _______.
abduction
The joint movement called eversion involves _______.
turning the sole of the foot laterally
What is the primary function of the structure indicated by the number 1 in a synovial joint?
Production of synovial fluid
What are the specific characteristics of all muscle cells?
Contractility, extensibility, excitability, elasticity, conductivity
All are correct.
What are possible functions of skeletal muscles?
Maintenance of posture; Both highly coordinated and localized simple movements; Temperature regulation; Support of certain body organs; Restricting the movement of material through certain body tracts
All are correct.
What is the correct hierarchy of a skeletal muscle’s components, beginning with the smallest?
Myofibrils → muscle fiber → fascicle → skeletal muscle
What is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the most superficial?
Epimysium → perimysium → endomysium
What structure is responsible for attaching muscle to bone?
Tendon
Which protein makes up the thick filaments?
Myosin
What structure is indicated by the number 1 in a fascicle?
Perimysium
In a sarcomere, which component appears as a thin dark line in the middle of an I band?
Z disc
In a sarcomere, which letter is associated with a region within the A band that contains only thick filaments?
H
What is a sarcomere defined as?
The distance from one Z disc to the next.
What is the narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction called?
Synaptic cleft
Where is the pyloric sphincter located?
Between the stomach and beginning of the small intestine
What describes the structure of the pyloric sphincter muscle?
Muscle fibers concentrically arranged
What may occur as a result of muscle atrophy?
All are correct:
* Fibers waste away and die
* Muscle loses tone
* Fibers become weaker
* Muscle size is reduced
The articulation between the skull and first vertebra serves as a fulcrum. This arrangement is an example of a _lever.
first-class
Extension of the knee occurs when the quadriceps muscles contract. This arrangement is an example of a _ _lever.
third-class
Using the mandible to close your mouth as you bite on food is an example of which type of lever?
third-class
Which applies to synergist muscles?
Assist the agonist:
* May stabilize the point of origin
* May contribute to tension at the insertion site
What does the name flexor digitorum profundus indicate about the muscle’s location?
Deep
In which body region would you find a muscle with the name including ‘pollicis’?
Thumb
Based on its name, what is orbicularis oris in appearance?
Circular
What does the name triceps brachii indicate?
Has three muscle heads or tendons of origin
In the resting stage, a muscle with the word ‘rectus’ in its name has what type of fascicles?
Straight fascicles
True or False: The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus and no Z discs are smooth muscle.
True
Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
In the organs of the digestive tract, walls of blood vessels, and the iris
What type of muscle tissue is striated and forms Y-shaped branches?
Cardiac
Which does not belong to the peripheral nervous system?
Spinal cord
Which is not a general function of the nervous system?
Transporting materials throughout the body
The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _______ division.
sensory
The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the _______ division.
somatic sensory
The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the _______.
somatic motor
Which statement is correct concerning the terms afferent and efferent with respect to the nervous system?
Afferent refers to the conduction of sensory impulses toward the CNS.
Which two distinct cell types form nervous tissue?
Glial cells and neurons
Which is not characteristic of neurons?
High mitotic rate
The part of the neuron responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses is the _______.
cell body
Structurally, the most common type of neuron is the _______ neuron.
multipolar
Glial cells differ from neurons in that they _______.
are smaller and capable of mitosis
The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the _______.
ependymal cell
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the _______.
oligodendrocyte
Which glial cell helps to form the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocyte
Which glial cell myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system?
Neurolemmocyte
Which glial cell has perivascular feet that wrap around capillaries in the CNS?
Astrocyte
What cell type is indicated by number 1?
Oligodendrocyte
What structures are indicated by number 1 in the neuron figure?
Direction of nerve impulse, synaptic knobs
What are the functional and structural classifications for this neuron?
Unipolar, sensory
What is true regarding the action of a neurolemmocyte?
Each neurolemmocyte can wrap only a 1mm portion of a single axon.
What is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte?
Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.
What is a nerve?
A nerve is a cable-like bundle of parallel axons.
What are the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, starting from the outermost layer?
Epineurium → perineurium → endoneurium
What is the connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons?
Perineurium
What is indicated by number 2 in the typical nerve figure?
Perineurium
Which is not one of the three common structural types of synapses?
Axonucleic
Which is the most common structural type of synapse?
Axodendritic
The type of neural circuit in which several nerve impulses come together at a single postsynaptic neuron is a _______.
converging
The type of neural circuit that uses feedback to produce a repeated, cyclical stimulation of the circuit is a _______ circuit.
reverberating
The type of neural circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons is a _______ circuit.
diverging
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the _______ and the tissues of the body.
capillaries
As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries _______.
get smaller
As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins _______.
get larger
The _______ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.
tunica intima
The _______ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.
tunica media
In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the _______.
tunica media
The largest arteries of the body are classified as _______.
elastic arteries
Which is the correct order of artery types for passage of blood from the heart to capillaries?
elastic arteries → muscular arteries → arterioles
Precapillary sphincters will _______.
close when the tissue’s needs have been met; cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule; open when the tissue needs nutrients; control blood flow into the true capillaries»_space;> all are correct
Valves in veins _______.
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction
What prevents the blood in the vein from flowing backward?
The presence of valves
The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins. True or False?
true
