Unit 4 Flashcards
what is 3D printing and whats its pros and cons
ability to make 3D solid objects from a digital design
NHS
pros:
* cheaper, facial recontruction, innovative design
cons:
* very expensive
what are robotics and its pros and cons
using machinery to do jobs humans do
Amazon 2012 spent $775 on system
pros:
* more efficient, time saving
cons:
* injury rates increased
what is CAD and whats its pros and cons
digital system that allows design to be saved, chnaged and reworked, shows a 3D version of a drawing that can be rotated
Nissan
pros:
* reduce production time, share data instantly, reduce CO2 emissions
cons:
* training costs
what is automated stock control and whats its pros and cons
laser scanning of barcode information to trigger orders from suppliers
John lewis - distribution centre in Milton Keyenes
pros:
* reduce stock holding costs, use JIT, save money off staffing
cons:
* training costs, maintenence costs, people lose jobs, expensive
what is electronic data interchange and its pros and cons
software provide permenant link between you and suppliers software
Jewson bought EDI
pros:
* save money on certain reosurces (paper), increase sales, lower inventory, better stock turnover
cons:
* expensive, both people need software
what are the factors affecting choice of supplier
- cost - supplier has direct effect to choose how much it will cost company
- flexibility - supplier able to send product when company wants it
- product quality - quality of product for company
- reliability - company knows the supplier will get product when they want it
- payment terms - decide the way they pay and how long it takes
- speed and frequency - how quickly product gets to company
what factors can cause levels to fluctuate
- fashion - trends can determine what people wear
- temperature or weather - depend what people will want to wear
- marketing activity - control the marketing which makes it easiest to predict
- competitors actions - depend on what competitors prices are can lead to more sales as can set cheaper price
3 methods to match supply with demand
- outsourcing
- temporary staff
- producing to oder
what is outsourcing and whats its pros and cons
get another company to produce a product for you, used when demand increases when working at 100% capcity utilisation
pros:
* customers not let down
* temporary cost effective deal with unpredictable spikes
cons:
* lack of consistency
* poor quality
* cost in long run
what is temporary staff and its pros and cons
can get extra staff when needed which may be seasonal to help
pros:
* flexibility
* got staff when needed
cons:
* training staff percieved as waste
* untrained workers so may not have the same skills
what is producing to order and whats its pros and cons
company will make what you want when you order it, mass customisation is leave the personalisation to the last minute until someone orders
pros:
* no need for storage
* cost efficient
* reduction in waste and stock holding cost
cons:
* long wait times
more expensive for customers as cutomised
what happens when high quality is achieved
- high levels of repeat purchase - longer product life cycle
- the brand is build and improved
- premium price can be charged - quality adds value
- retailers are more likely to stock your product
what are the 3 methods of improving quality
- total quality management (TQM)
- quality assurance (QA)
- quality control (QC)
what is TQM and whats its pros and cons
total quality management is the continuous process of checking and reducing errors in manafacturing
pros:
* should be clearly rooted in the company culture
* once all staff think about quality, it shows through design to manafacturer and after sale service
cons:
* expensive
* staff sceptcial of managemnt
what is QA and whats its pros and cons
quality assurance is system that ensures customers that detailed systems are in place to govern quality at every stage of production
pros:
* make sure system in every stage of production
* customers like reassurance as belive to get higher quality
cons:
* doesnt promise high quality product
* may encourage complatency
What is QC and whats its pros and cons
quality control is workers produce ad many units as possible and indpesctors check output meets minimum required standards
pros:
* garantuee no defects leave factory
* little staff training required
cons:
* leave inspection until end may mean poor quality product built
* cant be trusted when based on sampling
what are the 7 operational objectives
- cost
- quality
- speed
- environmental
- dependability
- added value
- flexibility
ways to measure quality
- customer satisfaction rating
- number of complaints recieved
- number of products returned
- wastage rates in production
- punctuality
what are the different types of flexibility
- product - switch production from one product to another
- volume - change output in accordance with customer demands
- mix - produce a wide range of alternatives versions of a particular good or service
- delivery - able to adapt quickly to changes in the timing and volume of deliveries
internal influences on operational objectives
- Nature of product - product is the heart of any firm
- personal characteristics of the operation director - objectives differ based upon the boss
external influences on operational objectives
- demand - businesses must predict sales and fluctuation to meet expectations
- availability of resources - lack of quality or resources can act as major constraint
- competitors behaviour - majority of firms do not operate alone yet successful firms can afford to be complacent
formula of labour productivity
output per period/number of employees
what is lean production
cutting out waste but not reducing quality, avoid waste so reduce costs
what are the main methods of lean production
- Time based management - seek to reduce level of time wasted in production process, need flexible production method and trained employees
- Simultaneous engineering - help firm develop and launch new products quicker, parts of project planned together and done at the same time to reduce time
- Cell production - team where production processes are split into cells, each cell responsible for one aspect of work
- just in time (JIT) - aims to ensure input into the production process arrive when it is needed, complex production scheduling, close cooperation with reliable supplier
- Kaizen - continuous improvement of constantly introducing small incremental changes to improve quality or efficiency
